Platelets (PLT) Lab Values
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Included In This Lesson
Study Tools For Platelets (PLT) Lab Values
Leukemia – Signs and Symptoms (Mnemonic)
63 Must Know Lab Values (Cheatsheet)
Clotting Cascade Anticoagulants Cheatsheet (Cheatsheet)
Complications of Immobility – DVT (Image)
Platelet response (Image)
63 Must Know Lab Values (Book)
Platelet Lab Value (Picmonic)
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Outline
Overview
- Platelets
- Normal Value Range
- Pathophysiology
- Special considerations
- Elevated platelet levels
- Decreased platelet levels
Nursing Points
General
- Normal value ranges
- 100,000 – 450,000/mcL
- Also known as – Thrombocytes
- Pathophysiology
- Formed from Megakaryocyte
- Formed from bone marrow
- Produces 1000-3000 platelets
- Injury occurs at site
- Collagen releases activators
- Thrombocytes activate “sticky fingers”, which allow them to bind together.
- Travel to site (along with other clotting factors)
- Adhere to site, increase stimulation for other PLT, until clot is formed with fibrin
- Formed from Megakaryocyte
- Special considerations
- Use a lavender top tube (EDTA)
- Often sent in CBC
- Abnormal lab values
- Elevated platelets (thrombocytosis)
- Cancers
- Absence of a spleen
- Breaks down platelets
- Birth control
- Polycythemia vera
- Overproduction of cells
- Treatment via bloodletting, medications or hydration
- Decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia)
- ITP (Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura)
- Autoimmune disease
- Medications
- Hemorrhage
- Treated with transfusion
- Leukemia
- Treated with chemotherapy/radiation
- Medications
- Some diuretics
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Ranitidine
- Some antibiotics
- ITP (Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura)
- Elevated platelets (thrombocytosis)
Assessment
- Assess for signs of petechia (small purplish blemishes, indicating bleeding)
Therapeutic Management
- Control and stop hemorrhage
- Replace platelets via transfusion
- Consider stopping or changing medications that cause thrombocytopenia
Nursing Concepts
- Lab Values
- Clotting
Patient Education
- For patients who have bleeding disorders, instruct patients to be cautious of injury.
- If patient has thrombocytopenia, instruct patient to seek emergency treatment in the event of bleeding that does not stop.
**DISCLAIMER – The video states that the normal value of platelets is 100,000 – 400,000 cells/mcL. The correct information is 100,000 – 450,000 cells/mcL.
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Transcript
In this lesson we’re going to talk about platelets and how they play a role in your patient’s ability to clot.
The normal values for platelets are going to be a hundred thousand to 400,000 cells per microliter. Anything less than a hundred thousand cells per microliter is considered to be a condition called thrombocytopenia. Platelets are also called thrombocytes, so that’s where we get the word from beside of penia meaning low platelets.
In this picture you can see that the thrombocyte, this yellow cell is much smaller than red blood cells or white blood cells.
Let’s look at how platelets work.
Platelets are formed from the cells called megakaryocytes, and they’re these really large cells, and they break off all of the little platelets. I’m megakaryocytes can actually produce anywhere from 1000 to 3000 platelets during its lifetime. These are all derived from the bone marrow.
Now the way platelets work is that you’ll have an injury at a particular site, so maybe a laceration. What happens is the collagen in the skin triggers a reaction that stimulates platelets to come to the site. Normally platelets are these little round flat cells, and when they’re triggered they actually activate and create these little finger-like projections. Think of them as like sticky fingers. That makes them more likely to stick to whatever site they’re going to. The entire clotting Cascade is very very complicated, and there are a lot of other factors that play into it, but what you need to know is that the platelets arrive to the site and stick to the injury, and that triggers more of an active response and it brings in all these other platelets and as you can see in this picture, the platelets all start to form this little clot. The platelets will also interact with fibrin to create a clot at the site and that’s what stops the bleeding.
So what do you need to be considerate of whenever you’re drawing a sample? Just know that you’re platelet samples are going to be submitted in a lavender top tube, that has the EDTA in it. It’s often submitted with the CBC, and that helps to give a general overview of all the cells in your patient. So you also get results that’ll include things like yours white blood cells, red blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin.
The next question you probably have is what do high and low values of platelets indicate?
With elevated platelets, a condition known as thrombocytosis, is when the platelets are greater than 400000 cells per microliter. Conditions that will trigger this are things like cancers or malignancy. Another situation is the absence of a spleen. The spleen’s responsibility is to break down old or damaged platelets, and if there’s no spleen, that can’t occur and therefore your platelet values may go up. Certain types of birth control can also cause increase in platelets, and also the condition that we talked about in some other lessons called polycythemia vera. Polycythemia vera is in uncommon type of bone marrow cancer causes this massive overproduction of cells. These will include white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. Treatment is typically bloodletting, or the actual removal of blood from a patient through phlebotomy to decrease the overall blood volume. The blood becomes really thick and viscous when there’s as overproduction of cells, and that’s how they treated. It can also be treated through making sure the patient is adequately hydrated, and some medications can help this condition.
If a platelet values are low it’s a condition called thrombocytopenia. There are a couple of specific conditions, one called ITP. This is idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, and what it is is it’s an autoimmune disease that attacks antibodies on the platelets and destroys them. If you don’t have platelets, you can’t clot, so these patients are at a much higher risk of clotting. Patients that have ITP will go through some sort of medication therapy that suppresses the immune system so that it doesn’t attack itself. These patients are definite risk for bleeding, and sometimes they’ll develop these little areas of bleeding underneath the skin called petechiae. Sometimes they look like little bleeding stars. So if you see that, you might want to suspect a platelet issue with your patient. Another condition that you’re going to see decreased platelets in is hemorrhage and you’re going to treat those patients with platelet transfusions. Patients that are undergoing chemotherapy or radiation for leukemia they also have decreased platelets. And another thing to consider is medications. Certain medications can have the potential to decrease platelet production. These are things like diuretics, NSAIDs, Ranitidine, and certain types of antibiotics. So be sure to review any medications if you’re suspicious of some sort of clotting issue for your patient.
Nursing concepts for this lesson include a lot of values and clotting, because that’s what the responsibilities of the platelets are.
So let’s recap.
The normal values for platelets are 100,000 to 400000 cells per microliter.
The responsibility of the platelet is for clotting.
If you have increased platelets, that could be from cancers, polycythemia vera, or over production. Also consider if the patient has had a splenectomy.
Decrease platelets are on much more concerning, so consider things like ITP, leukemia, or Hemorrhage.
If your patient does have decreased the values of platelets, or are at risk for having decrease platelets, make sure that they understand that they are always at risk for bleeding. Make sure that they know when to come to the emergency room if they have some sort of injury that won’t stop bleeding, and make sure that you go over any medications that could potentially cause bleeding issues.
That’s it for our lesson on platelets. Make sure you check out all the resources attached to this lesson. Now, go out and be your best selves today. And, as always, happy nursing!!
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Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Day in the Life of a NICU Nurse
Day in the Life of a Peds (Pediatric) Nurse
Defects of Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow
Defects of Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow
Dehydration
Diarrhea – Treatment Nursing Mnemonic (BRAT)
Digoxin (Lanoxin) Nursing Considerations
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Nursing Considerations
Diphenoxylate-Atropine (Lomotil) Nursing Considerations
Eczema
EENT Assessment
Enuresis
Epiglottitis
Epiglottitis – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (AIR RAID)
Epispadias and Hypospadias
Famotidine (Pepcid) Nursing Considerations
Fever
Fever Case Study (Pediatric) (30 min)
Flu Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (FACTS)
Fluid Compartments
Fluid Pressures
Fluid Shifts (Ascites) (Pleural Effusion)
Fluid Volume Deficit
Fluticasone (Flonase) Nursing Considerations
Gas Exchange
Gentamicin (Garamycin) Nursing Considerations
Glucose Lab Values
Gluten Free Diet Nursing Mnemonic (BROW)
Guaifenesin (Mucinex) Nursing Considerations
Heart Sounds Nursing Mnemonic (APE To Man – All People Enjoy Time Magazine)
Hematocrit (Hct) Lab Values
Hemoglobin (Hbg) Lab Values
Hemophilia
Hierarchy of O2 Delivery
Hydrocephalus
Hypoxia – Signs and Symptoms (in Pediatrics) Nursing Mnemonic (FINES)
Ibuprofen (Motrin) Nursing Considerations
Immunizations (Vaccinations)
Imperforate Anus
Impetigo
Indomethacin (Indocin) Nursing Considerations
Influenza – Flu
Integumentary (Skin) Assessment
Intussusception
Intussusception for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Isolation Precaution Types (PPE)
Isolation Precautions (MRSA, C. Difficile, Meningitis, Pertussis, Tuberculosis, Neutropenia)
Lactulose (Generlac) Nursing Considerations
Leukemia
Levels of Consciousness (LOC)
Levetiracetam (Keppra) Nursing Considerations
Lung Sounds
Marfan Syndrome
Meningitis
Meningitis Assessment Findings Nursing Mnemonic (FAN LIPS)
Meningitis for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Methylphenidate (Concerta) Nursing Considerations
Mixed (Cardiac) Heart Defects
Mumps
Nephroblastoma
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome Case Study (Peds) (45 min)
Neuro Assessment
NSAIDs
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Acute Bronchitis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Appendicitis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Asthma
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Asthma / Childhood Asthma
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Bronchiolitis / Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Burn Injury (First, Second, Third degree)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Celiac Disease
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Cleft Lip / Cleft Palate
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Clubfoot
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Congenital Heart Defects
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Constipation / Encopresis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Cystic Fibrosis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Decreased Cardiac Output
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Dehydration & Fever
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Eczema (Infantile or Childhood) / Atopic Dermatitis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Enuresis / Bedwetting
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Epiglottitis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Fluid Volume Deficit
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Hemophilia
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Hydrocephalus
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Impaired Gas Exchange
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Imperforate Anus
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Impetigo
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Infective Conjunctivitis / Pink Eye
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Influenza
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Intussusception
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Marfan Syndrome
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Meningitis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Mumps
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Neural Tube Defect, Spina Bifida
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Omphalocele
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Otitis Media / Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Pediculosis Capitis / Head Lice
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Pertussis / Whooping Cough
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Reye’s Syndrome
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Rheumatic Fever
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Rubeola – Measles
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Scoliosis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Sickle Cell Anemia
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Tonsillitis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Varicella / Chickenpox
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Vomiting / Diarrhea
Nursing Care Plan for (NCP) Autism Spectrum Disorder
Nursing Case Study for Pediatric Asthma
Obstructive Heart (Cardiac) Defects
Ocular Infections (Conjunctivitis, Iritis) for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Omphalocele
Opioid Analgesics
Pancrelipase (Pancreaze) Nursing Considerations
Pediatric Bronchiolitis Labs
Pediatric Gastrointestinal Dysfunction – Diarrhea
Pediatric Oncology Basics
Pediatrics Course Introduction
Pediculosis Capitis
Pertussis – Whooping Cough
Phenylketonuria
Phenytoin (Dilantin) Nursing Considerations
Platelets (PLT) Lab Values
Pneumonia
Promotion and Evaluation of Normal Elimination Nursing Mnemonic (POOPER SCOOP)
Pulmonary Function Test
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Lab Values
Respiratory Acidosis (interpretation and nursing interventions)
Reye’s Syndrome
Reyes Syndrome Case Study (Peds) (45 min)
Rheumatic Fever
ROME – ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Interpretation
Rubeola – Measles
Salmeterol (Serevent) Nursing Considerations
Scoliosis
Selegiline (Eldepyrl) Nursing Considerations
Sickle Cell Anemia
Spina Bifida – Neural Tube Defect (NTD)
Steroids – Side Effects Nursing Mnemonic (6 S’s)
Stoma Care (Colostomy bag)
Strabismus
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Sympathomimetics (Alpha (Clonodine) & Beta (Albuterol) Agonists)
Thorax and Lungs Assessment
Tonsillitis
Topical Medications
Tracheal Esophageal Fistula – Sign and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (The 3 C’s)
Transient Incontinence – Common Causes Nursing Mnemonic (P-DIAPERS)
Treatment of Sickle Cell Nursing Mnemonic (HOP to the hospital)
Umbilical Hernia
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (Measles, Mumps, Pertussis, Chicken Pox, Diphtheria) for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Varicella – Chickenpox
Varicella Case Study (Peds) (30 min)
Vitals (VS) and Assessment
Vomiting
White Blood Cell (WBC) Lab Values
X-Ray (Xray)
ADLs (Activity of Daily Living) Nursing Mnemonic (BATTED)
Emotions and Motivation
Growth & Development Theories
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in Nursing
Psychological Disorders
State of Consciousness
Stress and Crisis