Renal Failure for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Included In This Lesson
Study Tools For Renal Failure for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Outline
Renal Failure
Definition/Etiology:
- Acute renal failure is commonly defined as an abrupt decline in renal function. It usually manifests as an acute increase in BUN and Creatinine levels over the course of hours to weeks.
- The etiology of ARF is usually prerenal or postrenal. Prerenal causes are usually the result of hypovolemia secondary to conditions like hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, poor oral intake, burns, excessive sweating, diuresis, impaired cardiac output, sepsis, and others.
Postrenal causes are usually from some sort of obstruction
Pathophysiology:
- An increased understanding of the pathophysiology underlying AKI was revealed in the last few decades through molecular and animal studies that show oxidative stress, endothelial injury, mitochondrial injury (best described in the HIV) population treated with antiretroviral medications] and innate immunity as central mechanisms.
- Therapeutic or illicit drugs and toxins represent external insults. Numerous drugs can cause ARF. The most common are antibiotics (e.g. vancomycin), chemotherapeutics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, lithium and over-the-counter supplements. Similar patterns of tubular injury have been reported in association with illicit drugs such as opioids and synthetic cannabinoids (Spice, K2, etc.). Drugs are such a common cause of ARF that, above and beyond any other causes, drug exposure should first and foremost be clinically excluded.
Clinical Presentation:
ARF can affect multiple systems:
Skin-
- Maculopapular rash
- Purpura
Cardio-
- Irregular rhythms
- Endocarditis
Pericardial friction rub - JVD
Abdomen-
- Pulsatile mass
- Abdominal or costovertebral angle tenderness
- Rhabdo
Pulmonary-
- Rales
- Hemoptysis
Collaborative Management:
Diagnostics start with labs:
- CBC
- CMP
Kidney function studies – BUN and Creatinine are essential
- GFR
- Serologic tests
Bladder pressure – in relation to abd compartment syndrome
- Renal biopsy
Management relates to correcting the underlying cause Correcting fluid overload with diuretics, correction of acidosis with some bicarb. Fluids (just watch for overload)
- Supportive therapy
Evaluation | Patient Monitoring | Education:
- Serial labs – BUN and CR
Response to treatment of underlying conditions. - Cardiac monitoring
- Education will involve proper follow up with nephrology as well as information on medications and diet
Linchpins: (Key Points)
- Common
- Labs
Transcript
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References:
- Basile DP, Anderson MD, Sutton TA. Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury. Compr Physiol. 2012 Apr;2(2):1303-53. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c110041. PMID: 23798302; PMCID: PMC3919808.
- Joseph P Gaut, Helen Liapis, Acute kidney injury pathology and pathophysiology: a retrospective review, Clinical Kidney Journal, Volume 14, Issue 2, February 2021, Pages 526–536, https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa142
NCLEX
Concepts Covered:
- Circulatory System
- Emergency Care of the Cardiac Patient
- Cardiac Disorders
- Cardiovascular
- Shock
- Shock
- Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Endocrine
- Disorders of Pancreas
- Disorders of the Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands
- Hematology
- Gastrointestinal
- Upper GI Disorders
- Liver & Gallbladder Disorders
- Newborn Complications
- Lower GI Disorders
- Multisystem
- Neurological
- Nervous System
- Central Nervous System Disorders – Brain
- Renal
- Respiratory
- Urinary System
- Respiratory System
- Noninfectious Respiratory Disorder
- Test Taking Strategies
- Note Taking
- Basics of NCLEX
- Prefixes
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- Medication Administration
- Gastrointestinal Disorders
- Respiratory Disorders
- Pregnancy Risks
- Labor Complications
- Hematologic Disorders
- Fundamentals of Emergency Nursing
- Factors Influencing Community Health
- Delegation
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- EENT Disorders
- Basics of Chemistry
- Adult
- Emergency Care of the Neurological Patient
- Acute & Chronic Renal Disorders
- Emergency Care of the Respiratory Patient
- Respiratory Emergencies
- Studying
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- Disorders of the Adrenal Gland
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- Preoperative Nursing
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- Understanding Society
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- Oncology Disorders
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- Depressive Disorders
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- Trauma-Stress Disorders
- Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
- Integumentary Disorders
- Neurologic and Cognitive Disorders
- Integumentary Disorders
- Newborn Care
- Basics of Mathematics
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- Proteins
- Emergency Care of the Trauma Patient
- Hematologic System
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- Developmental Considerations
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- Basic
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- Prioritization
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- Health & Stress
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