Brain and Behavior
Included In This Lesson
Outline
Overview
- Brain Chemicals
- Hormones
- Neurotransmitters
- Brain
- Cerebrum (has 4 lobes each hemisphere)
- Frontal
- Temporal
- Parietal
- Occiptal
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
- Cerebrum (has 4 lobes each hemisphere)
Nursing Points
General
- Brain Chemicals
- Hormones
- Endocrine system
- Relased in blood stream
- Longer-term impacts
- Always involuntary actions
- Examples: insulin, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, serotonin, cortisol, adrenaline
- Neurotransmitters
- Nervous system
- Locally in brain (neuron to neuron)
- Short-term impacts
- Voluntary and involuntary actions
- Examples: acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate
- Many hormones can work like neurotransmitters and vice-versa
- Examples: Dopamine, Serotonin
- Hormones
- Brain
- Cerebrum (has 4 lobes each hemisphere)
- Frontal
- High/abstract funtions: judgment, planning, problem solving, emotion regulation
- Personality, behavior, emotions, concentration, intelligence
- Speech- Broca’s area
- Temporal
- Understanding language- Wernicke’s area
- Memory, hearing, organization
- Parietal
- Interprets language/words, signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory, memory
- Spatial and visual perception
- Sense of touch/pain/temperature (sensory strip)
- Occipital
- Interprets vision (color, light, movement)
- Frontal
- Cerebellum
- Coordinated movement
- Brainstem
- Basic body functions (breathing, blood movement, digestion)
- Cerebrum (has 4 lobes each hemisphere)
- Medical Implications
- Brain injury, stroke, tumor: depending on region will impact those functions
Transcript
Hi everyone, today we’re going to be talking about the brain and behavior.
Hormones are secreted from the endocrine system and released in the bloodstream. Some hormones are produced in the brain while others are produced elsewhere, like in the thyroid or adrenal glands. The impacts from hormones is longer term. For example, cortisol is a stress hormone that is responsible for our fight-or-flight response. Once cortisol is released, it slows down our digestive and reproductive systems, increases our heart rate, and pumps blood to our limbs. Once this is released, it can take several minutes to several hours to de-escalate and regulate our body to homeostasis again. Hormones also always impact involuntary actions- such as heart rate and breathing. Examples of hormones include insulin, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, serotonin, cortisol, and adrenaline.
Neurotransmitters are produced by the nervous system and take place locally in the brain between neurons. Neurons are electrical devices. Here we have one neuron next to another neuron. The space between them is called a synapse and that’s where the magic happens; this is how they talk to each other. Electrical events will cause this neuron to release a neurotransmitter and bind to a receptor in other neuron. The neurotransmitter can either excite or hinder the other neuron from firing its own electrical event. Neurotransmitters stay local to the brain and their actions are fast so they have short term impacts. For example, when we kiss the person we love we get a short lived burst of serotonin and dopamine that gives us lovey feelings. We may crave that again but the actual impact was short term. Neurotransmitters can impact voluntary or involuntary actions. An example of voluntary actions is eating. Eating tasty things like chocolate can stimulate the brain to release dopamine, which is a neurotransmitter connected to the reward center of our brains. Examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate.
Now let’s look specifically at the brain itself. The brain has three main parts- the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brainstem. A key thing to remember is that the brain develops from bottom to top, or back to front. The most primitive part of the brain is the brainstem, also known as the reptilian brain. It is responsible for basic body functions to keep you alive- like breathing, blood movement, and digestion. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinated movement like walking, kicking a soccer ball, or running a race. Then we have the cerebrum, which is made up of four lobes. Each hemisphere has these four lobes. Although each lobe serves a function, the brain works together to accomplish tasks and lobes do not function alone.
The occipital lobes functions to interpret vision- colors, lights, movement. The temporal lobe functions to understand language, assists in memory, organization, and hearing. The parietal lobe helps interpret language and words, signals from vision and hearing. It also functions to understand spatial and visual perception. This lobe also has a sensory strip where it interprets senses like touch, pain, and temperature. Finally, the last to develop is the frontal lobe. This lobe is complex and vast; it’s what makes us human. It is responsible for our personality, behavior, emotions, intelligence, concentration, and self-awareness. Executive functions like judgement, planning, and complex problem-solving take place here. There’s a motor strip in this lobe that also helps with body movements. This lobe also helps with speech in regards to speaking and writing, also known as Broca’s area. Science supports that our brain are not fully mature until mid-late 20’s. Remember, the frontal lobe is the last to develop. In other words, the part of the brain that helps us make reasonable decisions while weighing possible outcomes is not developed until we’re between 25-30 years old.
We’ve discussed the main functions of different parts of the brain when all is well. You may come across patients that have brain lesions. “Lesions” is a vague term that includes abnormal tissue in or on the brain. It can incorporate different types of injury or abnormality to the brain, including brain injuries, stroke, or brain tumors. There are over 10 different category types to classify lesions. Depending on the region, size, and severity, the function of that area that the lesion is at may be impaired. For example, an injury to the temporal lobe may cause impairment with memory retention. Injury to the frontal lobe can impair judgement or the person may see more impulsive. Injury to the occipital lobe may cause issues with seeing colors or light. Parietal lobe damage may result in loss or diminished sensations like touch or smell. Similarly, disorders may also impact particular areas of the brain. Ataxia, for example, can impact the cerebellum and cause impairments with walking and balance. Again, none of the brain works alone so damage to any part may impact other functions as well.
We love you guys! Go out and be your best self today! And as always, Happy Nursing!
NCLEX
Concepts Covered:
- Circulatory System
- Emergency Care of the Cardiac Patient
- Cardiac Disorders
- Cardiovascular
- Shock
- Shock
- Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Endocrine
- Disorders of Pancreas
- Disorders of the Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands
- Hematology
- Gastrointestinal
- Upper GI Disorders
- Liver & Gallbladder Disorders
- Newborn Complications
- Lower GI Disorders
- Multisystem
- Neurological
- Nervous System
- Central Nervous System Disorders – Brain
- Renal
- Respiratory
- Urinary System
- Respiratory System
- Noninfectious Respiratory Disorder
- Test Taking Strategies
- Note Taking
- Basics of NCLEX
- Prefixes
- Suffixes
- Medication Administration
- Gastrointestinal Disorders
- Respiratory Disorders
- Pregnancy Risks
- Labor Complications
- Hematologic Disorders
- Fundamentals of Emergency Nursing
- Factors Influencing Community Health
- Delegation
- Perioperative Nursing Roles
- EENT Disorders
- Basics of Chemistry
- Adult
- Emergency Care of the Neurological Patient
- Acute & Chronic Renal Disorders
- Emergency Care of the Respiratory Patient
- Respiratory Emergencies
- Studying
- Substance Abuse Disorders
- Disorders of the Adrenal Gland
- Behavior
- Documentation and Communication
- Preoperative Nursing
- Endocrine System
- Legal and Ethical Issues
- Communication
- Understanding Society
- Immunological Disorders
- Infectious Disease Disorders
- Oncology Disorders
- Female Reproductive Disorders
- Fetal Development
- Terminology
- Anxiety Disorders
- Cognitive Disorders
- Musculoskeletal Trauma
- Intraoperative Nursing
- Tissues and Glands
- Vascular Disorders
- Renal Disorders
- Eating Disorders
- Prenatal Concepts
- Microbiology
- Male Reproductive Disorders
- Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Infectious Respiratory Disorder
- Depressive Disorders
- Personality Disorders
- Psychotic Disorders
- Trauma-Stress Disorders
- Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
- Integumentary Disorders
- Neurologic and Cognitive Disorders
- Integumentary Disorders
- Newborn Care
- Basics of Mathematics
- Statistics
- Labor and Delivery
- Proteins
- Emergency Care of the Trauma Patient
- Hematologic System
- Hematologic Disorders
- Developmental Considerations
- Skeletal System
- Digestive System
- Urinary Disorders
- Postpartum Care
- Basic
- Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Bipolar Disorders
- Metabolism
- Cardiovascular Disorders
- Concepts of Population Health
- Musculoskeletal Disorders
- EENT Disorders
- Postpartum Complications
- Basics of Human Biology
- Postoperative Nursing
- Neurological Emergencies
- Prioritization
- Disorders of Thermoregulation
- Writing
- Community Health Overview
- Dosage Calculations
- Neurological Trauma
- Concepts of Mental Health
- Health & Stress
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
- Childhood Growth and Development
- Prenatal and Neonatal Growth and Development
- Concepts of Pharmacology
- Integumentary Important Points
- Emotions and Motivation
- Renal and Urinary Disorders
- Developmental Theories
- Reproductive System
- Adulthood Growth and Development
- Psychological Emergencies
- Growth & Development
- Basics of Sociology
- Somatoform Disorders
- Reading
- Intelligence and Language
- Oncologic Disorders
- Med Term Basic
- Med Term Whole
- Central Nervous System Disorders – Spinal Cord
- Muscular System
- Neonatal
- Learning Pharmacology
- Pediatric
- Psychological Disorders
- State of Consciousness
- Sensory System