Anti-Infective – Antitubercular
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Outline
Overview
I. Overview
A. Mycobacterium
B. Tuberculosis (TB) infections
1. Pulmonary
2. Extrapulmonary
II. Mechanism of Action
A. Inhibit protein synthesis
B. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
III. Types (RIPES)
A. Rifampin
B. Isoniazid
C. Pyrazinamide
D. Ethambutol
E. Streptomycin
IV. Indications
A. Mycobacterium
B. Tuberculosis (TB) infections
1. Pulmonary
2. Extrapulmonary
3. TB treatment failures / relapses
V. Contraindications
A. Liver disease
B. Kidney disease
VI. Side Effects
A. CNS
1. Ototoxicity
2. Seizures
3. Visual disturbances
4. Dizziness
5. Headache
Kidney / Liver
1. Nephrotoxicity
2. Hepatoxicity
B. * Rifampin / Isoniazid
1. Red-orange-brown colored bodily secretion
2. Urine
3. Sweat
4. Tears
5. Sputum
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Transcript
Welcome back and today we are going to discuss antitubercular medications.
Antitubercular medications treat mycobacterium and TB infections which are pulmonary and extrapulmonary (kidney, spine or brain). With the most common location is pulmonary.
The mechanisms of actions are the inhibition of protein synthesis (which work in RNA/DNA replication – how bacteria communicate) and cell wall synthesis (which provide structural support). There are many drugs in this drug class but each drug performs one of these actions. So this drug class stop the bacteria from being able to replicate and function. Antitubercular medications treat mycobacterium and TB infections which are pulmonary and extrapulmonary (kidney, spine or brain). With the most common location is pulmonary.
Now, the types of drugs in the antitubercular section include the following. An easy way to remember these is the word RIPES – with the top two being rifampin and isoniazid. Years ago, I had a patient (who visited Florida from Africa) on rifampin and isoniazid who had HIV. TB is a common cause of death in this patient population who reside in Africa.
Now, the indications are two-fold mycobacterium and TB. Mycobacterium comes in many forms, focus only on the word “mycobacterium” and you will be fine. If you see mycobacterium, I want to immediately think antitubercular medications. And TB is again pulmonary or extrapulmonary (kidney, spine, brain). Now these drugs aren’t medications a patient is going to get for a few days. These drugs are usually given for 6-9 months on strict regimen and require strict monitoring for compliance. Please refer to the tuberculous lesson in the respiratory course for more details.
Contraindications are based in the drug’s excretion route (kidney and liver). If you have liver or kidney failure, you will not properly dispose of the drug. I had a patient with liver disease, who was administered rifampin, that drug lingered their system for days, causing all kinds of havoc. The side effect profiles are CNS and liver/kidney based. In the CNS, think ears, brain and eyes. And the drugs cause kidney and liver toxicity, which explains the contraindications mentioned earlier.
Contraindications are based in the drug’s excretion route (kidney and liver). If you have liver or kidney failure, you will not properly dispose of the drug. I had a patient with liver disease, who was administered rifampin, that drug lingered their system for days, causing all kinds of havoc. The side effect profiles are CNS and liver/kidney based. In the CNS, think ears, brain and eyes. And the drugs cause kidney and liver toxicity, which explains the contraindications mentioned earlier.
Alright, rifampin and isoniazid both have a unique side effect of red-orange-brown colored bodily secretions. I had a patient with orange sputum once, it’s something you will not forget and something you must educate your patients as a possible side effect or they will be in in the hospital freaking out! As, rightfully so.
Priority nursing concepts for a patient taking antitubercular medications include: infection control and pharmacology.
Antitubercular medications treat mycobacterium and TB infections – pulmonary and extrapulmonary (kidney, spine or brain). Any easy way to remember the types is RIPES, with Contraindications are based in the drug’s excretion route (kidney and liver). Side effects focus on ears, brain and eyes. And a special note is isoniazid / rifampin’s ability to turn your bodily fluids red-orange-brown.
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Pharmacology for Nursing (MedMaster)
The Pharmacology Course is a one-stop-shop for all things medication related! We’ll talk you through how to be successful in pharmacology and how to be safe when administering meds. We break down the most common and most important medication classes into easy-to-understand sections. We even walk you through how to conquer the often intimidating med math and drug calculations! When you finish this course you’ll be able to confidently and safely administer medications to your patients!
Course Lessons
0 - Pharmacology Course Introduction
Pharmacology Course Introduction
1 - NCLEX Must Knows
12 Points to Answering Pharmacology Questions
54 Common Medication Prefixes and Suffixes
Therapeutic Drug Levels (Digoxin, Lithium, Theophylline, Phenytoin)
Essential NCLEX Meds by Class
6 Rights of Medication Administration
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
The SOCK Method – Overview
The SOCK Method – S
The SOCK Method – O
The SOCK Method – C
The SOCK Method – K
2 - Math for Meds
Basics of Calculations
Dimensional Analysis Nursing (Dosage Calculations/Med Math)
Oral Medications
Injectable Medications
IV Infusions (Solutions)
Complex Calculations (Dosage Calculations/Med Math)
Interactive Pharmacology Practice
Interactive Practice Drip Calculations
Pediatric Dosage Calculations
3 - Disease Specific Medications
Disease Specific Medications
4 - Antianxiety Agents
Antianxiety Meds
Benzodiazepines
Alprazolam (Xanax) Nursing Considerations
Lorazepam (Ativan) Nursing Considerations
Midazolam (Versed) Nursing Considerations
Diazepam (Valium) Nursing Considerations
Buspirone (Buspar) Nursing Considerations
Antianxiety Meds
5 - Antiarrhythmics
ACLS (Advanced cardiac life support) Drugs
Amiodarone (Pacerone) Nursing Considerations
Adenosine (Adenocard) Nursing Considerations
Procainamide (Pronestyl) Nursing Considerations
6 - Anticoagulants & Thrombolytics
Anti-Platelet Aggregate
Clopidogrel (Plavix) Nursing Considerations
Coumarins
Warfarin (Coumadin) Nursing Considerations
Thrombin Inhibitors
Enoxaparin (Lovenox) Nursing Considerations
Heparin (Hep-Lock) Nursing Considerations
Thrombolytics
Alteplase (tPA, Activase) Nursing Considerations
Streptokinase (Streptase) Nursing Considerations
7 - Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants
Carbamazepine (Tegretol) Nursing Considerations
Divalproex (Depakote) Nursing Considerations
Gabapentin (Neurontin) Nursing Considerations
Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Nursing Considerations
Levetiracetam (Keppra) Nursing Considerations
Phenytoin (Dilantin) Nursing Considerations
8 - Antidepressants
Antidepressants
Bupropion (Wellbutrin) Nursing Considerations
MAOIs
Selegiline (Eldepyrl) Nursing Considerations
SSRIs
Escitalopram (Lexapro) Nursing Considerations
Fluoxetine (Prozac) Nursing Considerations
Paroxetine (Paxil) Nursing Considerations
Sertraline (Zoloft) Nursing Considerations
TCAs
Amitriptyline (Elavil) Nursing Considerations
9 - Antidiabetic Agents
Antidiabetic Agents
Glipizide (Glucotrol) Nursing Considerations
Metformin (Glucophage) Nursing Considerations
Insulin
Insulin – Rapid Acting (Novolog, Humalog) Nursing Considerations
Insulin – Short Acting (Regular) Nursing Considerations
Insulin – Intermediate Acting (NPH) Nursing Considerations
Insulin – Mixtures (70/30)
Insulin – Long Acting (Lantus) Nursing Considerations
10 - Antihistamines
Histamine 1 Receptor Blockers
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Nursing Considerations
Promethazine (Phenergan) Nursing Considerations
Histamine 2 Receptor Blockers
Cimetidine (Tagamet) Nursing Considerations
Famotidine (Pepcid) Nursing Considerations
Ranitidine (Zantac) Nursing Considerations
11 - Antihypertensives
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
Sympatholytics (Alpha & Beta Blockers)
Atenolol (Tenormin) Nursing Considerations
Metoprolol (Toprol XL) Nursing Considerations
Propranolol (Inderal) Nursing Considerations
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) Inhibitors
Captopril (Capoten) Nursing Considerations
Enalapril (Vasotec) Nursing Considerations
Lisinopril (Prinivil) Nursing Considerations
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Losartan (Cozaar) Nursing Considerations
Calcium Channel Blockers
Amlodipine (Norvasc) Nursing Considerations
Diltiazem (Cardizem) Nursing Considerations
Nifedipine (Procardia) Nursing Considerations
Verapamil (Calan) Nursing Considerations
Cardiac Glycosides
Digoxin (Lanoxin) Nursing Considerations
12 - Anti-Infectives
Anti-Infective – Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin (Garamycin) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Antifungals
Metronidazole (Flagyl) Nursing Considerations
Nystatin (Mycostatin) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Antitubercular
Isoniazid (Niazid) Nursing Considerations
Rifampin (Rifadin) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Antivirals
Acyclovir (Zovirax) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Carbapenems
Meropenem (Merrem) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) Nursing Considerations
Levofloxacin (Levaquin) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Glycopeptide
Vancomycin (Vancocin) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Lincosamide
Clindamycin (Cleocin) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Macrolides
Erythromycin (Erythrocin) Nursing Considerations
Azithromycin (Zithromax) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Penicillins and Cephalosporins
Amoxicillin (Amoxil) Nursing Considerations
Ampicillin (Omnipen) Nursing Considerations
Cefaclor (Ceclor) Nursing Considerations
Cefdinir (Omnicef) Nursing Considerations
Cephalexin (Keflex) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Tetracyclines
Tetracycline (Panmycin) Nursing Considerations
13 - Antipsychotics
Atypical Antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) Nursing Considerations
Antipsychotics
Haloperidol (Haldol) Nursing Considerations
Quetiapine (Seroquel) Nursing Considerations
Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Nursing Considerations
14 - Autonomic Nervous System Meds
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Methylphenidate (Concerta) Nursing Considerations
Sympathomimetics (Alpha (Clonodine) & Beta (Albuterol) Agonists)
Dobutamine (Dobutrex) Nursing Considerations
Dopamine (Inotropin) Nursing Considerations
Carbidopa-Levodopa (Sinemet) Nursing Considerations
Parasympathomimetics (Cholinergics) Nursing Considerations
Neostigmine (Prostigmin) Nursing Considerations
Parasympatholytics (Anticholinergics) Nursing Considerations
Atropine (Atropen) Nursing Considerations
Benztropine (Cogentin) Nursing Considerations
Diphenoxylate-Atropine (Lomotil) Nursing Considerations
15 - Bronchodilators & Respiratory Drugs
Guaifenesin (Mucinex) Nursing Considerations
Bronchodilators
Albuterol (Ventolin) Nursing Considerations
Montelukast (Singulair) Nursing Considerations
Salmeterol (Serevent) Nursing Considerations
16 - Diuretics
Diuretics (Loop, Potassium Sparing, Thiazide, Furosemide/Lasix)
Furosemide (Lasix) Nursing Considerations
Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril) Nursing Considerations
Spironolactone (Aldactone) Nursing Considerations
Mannitol (Osmitrol) Nursing Considerations
17 - GI Meds
Bisacodyl (Dulcolax) Nursing Considerations
Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) Nursing Considerations
Lactulose (Generlac) Nursing Considerations
Loperamide (Imodium) Nursing Considerations
Metoclopramide (Reglan) Nursing Considerations
Ondansetron (Zofran) Nursing Considerations
Pancrelipase (Pancreaze) Nursing Considerations
Sucralfate (Carafate) Nursing Considerations
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Omeprazole (Prilosec) Nursing Considerations
Pantoprazole (Protonix) Nursing Considerations
18 - Hormone & Immune Related Drugs
Epoetin Alfa
Epoetin (Epogen) Nursing Considerations
Glucagon (GlucaGen) Nursing Considerations
Iodine Nursing Considerations
Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
Propylthiouracil (PTU) Nursing Considerations
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune) Nursing Considerations
19 - Lipid Lowering Drugs
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Nursing Considerations
20 - Mineral and Electrolyte Drugs
Magnesium Sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate in Pregnancy
Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) Nursing Considerations
Calcium Acetate (PhosLo) Nursing Considerations
Calcium Carbonate (Tums) Nursing Considerations
Ferrous Sulfate (Iron) Nursing Considerations
Alendronate (Fosamax) Nursing Considerations
21 - Mood Stabilizers
Mood Stabilizers
Lithium (Lithonate) Nursing Considerations
22 - Non-Opioid Analgesics
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Nursing Considerations
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) Nursing Considerations
NSAIDs
ASA (Aspirin) Nursing Considerations
Celecoxib (Celebrex) Nursing Considerations
Ibuprofen (Motrin) Nursing Considerations
Indomethacin (Indocin) Nursing Considerations
Ketorolac (Toradol) Nursing Considerations
Naproxen (Aleve) Nursing Considerations
23 - OB Meds
Tocolytics
Terbutaline (Brethine) Nursing Considerations
Uterine Stimulants (Oxytocin, Pitocin) Nursing Considerations
Meds for Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH)
Methylergonovine (Methergine) Nursing Considerations
Oxytocin (Pitocin) Nursing Considerations
Prostaglandins in Pregnancy
Rh Immune Globulin in Pregnancy
Lung Surfactant for Newborns
Eye Prophylaxis for Newborn
Phytonadione (Vitamin K) for Newborn
Hepatitis B Vaccine for Newborns
24 - Opioid Analgesics
Opioids
Opioid Analgesics in Pregnancy
Butorphanol (Stadol) Nursing Considerations
Codeine (Paveral) Nursing Considerations
Fentanyl (Duragesic) Nursing Considerations
Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen (Vicodin, Lortab) Nursing Considerations
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) Nursing Considerations
Meperidine (Demerol) Nursing Considerations
Methadone (Methadose) Nursing Considerations
Morphine (MS Contin) Nursing Considerations
Nalbuphine (Nubain) Nursing Considerations
Oxycodone (OxyContin) Nursing Considerations
25 - Sedatives / Hyponotics
Sedatives-Hypnotics
Barbiturates
Phenobarbital (Luminal) Nursing Considerations
Pentobarbital (Nembutal) Nursing Considerations
Anesthetic Agents
Propofol (Diprivan) Nursing Considerations
Lidocaine (Xylocaine) Nursing Considerations
26 - Steroids
Corticosteroids
Betamethasone and Dexamethasone in Pregnancy
Cortisone (Cortone) Nursing Considerations
Dexamethasone (Decadron) Nursing Considerations
Fluticasone (Flonase) Nursing Considerations
Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) Nursing Considerations
27 - Vasodilators
Hydralazine
Hydralazine (Apresoline) Nursing Considerations
Nitro Compounds
Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) Nursing Considerations
Nitroprusside (Nitropress) Nursing Considerations
28 - Vasopressors
Vasopressin
Epinephrine (EpiPen) Nursing Considerations
Norepinephrine (Levophed) Nursing Considerations
Vasopressin (Pitressin) Nursing Considerations
29 - Medications By Class
ACLS (Advanced cardiac life support) Drugs
Anti-Infective – Aminoglycosides
Anti-Infective – Carbapenems
Anti-Infective – Macrolides
Anti-Infective – Fluoroquinolones
Anti-Infective – Sulfonamides
Anti-Infective – Tetracyclines
Anti-Infective – Antifungals
Anti-Infective – Antivirals
Anti-Infective – Lincosamide
Thrombolytics
Anticonvulsants
Antidiabetic Agents
Sympatholytics (Alpha & Beta Blockers)
Anti-Infective – Antitubercular
Anti-Infective – Glycopeptide
Bronchodilators
Opioids
Barbiturates
Anesthetic Agents
30- Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics
Alkylating Agents
Antimetabolites
Anti Tumor Antibiotics
Plant Alkaloids Topoisomerase and Mitotic Inhibitors
31 – Medication Infusion
Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA)
Epidural
Insulin Drips
