Cardiac (Heart) Disease in Pregnancy
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Study Tools For Cardiac (Heart) Disease in Pregnancy
Cardiovascular Changes in Pregnancy (Image)
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Outline
Overview
- Pregnant patients with underlying cardiac disease may not be able to compensate appropriately for the increased blood volume / cardiac output
Nursing Points
General
- Concerning cardiac issues include, but are not limited to:
- Heart valve replacements (tissue and mechanical
- Marfan syndrome
- Cardiomyopathy
- Pulmonary HTN
- Congenital heart issue
- Heart failure
Assessment
- Baseline assessment of hemodynamics of both mom and fetus important
- Auscultate and note abnormal heart/lung sounds
- Murmurs are normal in pregnancy because of the extra blood volume
- Note any pain, discomfort with normal activity
- Cardiac monitoring may be indicated during labor
Therapeutic Management
- Manage as usual for the specific cardiac disease
- Administer diuretics to decrease preload if needed
Nursing Concepts
- Perfusion
- Fluid & Electrolytes
Patient Education
- Educate on appropriate weight gain
- Baseline obesity will place the client at even greater risk
- Healthy diet, low sodium
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ADPIE Related Lessons
Related Nursing Process (ADPIE) Lessons for Cardiac (Heart) Disease in Pregnancy
Transcript
In this lesson I will explain cardiac disease in a pregnancy and your role in caring for this type of patient.
Let’s look at cardiac disease and why it is a problem in pregnancy. Pregnancy puts an increased workload on the heart because there is extra volume and then there is also increased weight that increases the work on the heart so this is even more of a problem for a patient that already has a not so good heart. Now let’s look at the heart. The heart is a pump and it is not able to pump effectively if there is cardiac disease. So the pump will be working harder in pregnancy to move the extra volume and get healthy blood flow through the placenta and to the fetus.
Some concerning cardiac issues can include heart valve replacements, marfan syndrome, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary HTN, congenital heart issue, and heart failure. Of course these are not all of them but a few examples that could lead to extra workload on the heart. Even women with no cardiac diseases can develop a problem in pregnancy because the heart can’t keep up with the extra weight and or volume.
For assessment we always need a baseline. So a baseline assessment of hemodynamics for mom and fetus is important. We need to auscultate heart and lung sounds. If there is any abnormality it needs to be noted. It is important to be aware that murmurs can be a normal finding in pregnancy because of the extra blood volume. If there is any pain or discomfort with normal activity it needs to be noted and reported.
For management we need to treat the disease, Whatever cardiac disease it is we need to manage with whatever is specific for the disease. If fluid overload is a piece of the problem we can give diuretics to decrease the preload. In this picture you can see how if there is an increase in preload, the blood coming into the heart, it is going to add increased work on the heart and if the heart is already diseased it will be even harder for the “pump” to pump.
Perfusion, oxygenation and fluid & electrolytes are the concepts. We need good perfusion to get to the blood and oxygen to the tissues and fetus. Fluid and electrolytes are important to manage and balance with cardiac disease.
For education we need to educate on appropriate weight gain. We do not want a cardiac patient to gain too much weight because this will add extra work to heart. If a patient is already overweight or obese this will put the patient at an even greater risk. A healthy diet should be instructed so the patient stays at a healthy weight and a diet low in sodium is important. Patients should also know signs to report such as a sudden increase in edema, shortness of breath, decreased fetal movement, and extreme tiredness.
Our key points to bring it all together are that in pregnancy there is an increased workload on the heart so the pump can get tired. The pump is also broken, it is not working at 100%. Pregnancy makes it even harder to manage the disease because of the pump being tired. Perfusion is the last key point. Not only do we need to perfuse the body as usual but also a placenta to get nutrients to the fetus. This is essential for healthy growth of the fetus. If our pump isn’t effective the perfusion to the body and placenta won’t be effective.
Make sure you check out the resources attached to this lesson and review different management of the various cardiac diseases. Now, go out and be your best selves today. And, as always, happy nursing.
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Midterm
Concepts Covered:
- Noninfectious Respiratory Disorder
- Circulatory System
- Respiratory Disorders
- Cardiac Disorders
- Respiratory System
- Oncology Disorders
- Urinary System
- Musculoskeletal Trauma
- Hematologic Disorders
- Labor Complications
- Respiratory Emergencies
- EENT Disorders
- Newborn Complications
- Pregnancy Risks
- Vascular Disorders
- Emergency Care of the Cardiac Patient
- Nervous System
- Cardiovascular
- Terminology
- Central Nervous System Disorders – Brain
- Trauma-Stress Disorders
- Immunological Disorders
- Infectious Respiratory Disorder
- Hematologic Disorders
- Cognitive Disorders
- Substance Abuse Disorders
- Oncologic Disorders
- Emergency Care of the Respiratory Patient
- Adult
- Medication Administration
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
- Emergency Care of the Neurological Patient
- Hematologic System
- EENT Disorders
- Neurological
- Cardiovascular Disorders
- Respiratory
- Liver & Gallbladder Disorders
- Neurologic and Cognitive Disorders
- Intraoperative Nursing
- Disorders of Pancreas
- Shock
- Emergency Care of the Trauma Patient
- Studying
- Neurological Trauma
- Neurological Emergencies
- Integumentary Disorders
- Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
- Adulthood Growth and Development
- Developmental Considerations
Study Plan Lessons
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
EKG (ECG) Course Introduction
ABGs Nursing Normal Lab Values
Care of the Pediatric Patient
Coronary Artery Disease Concept Map
Electrical A&P of the Heart
Respiratory A&P Module Intro
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Interpretation-The Basics
Computed Tomography (CT)
COPD Concept Map
Electrolytes Involved in Cardiac (Heart) Conduction
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Sickle Cell Anemia
Adult Vital Signs (VS)
CT & MR Angiography
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Nasal Disorders
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Pediatric Vital Signs (VS)
Respiratory Acidosis (interpretation and nursing interventions)
Thrombocytopenia
Cardiovascular Angiography
Preload and Afterload
Respiratory Alkalosis
Congestive Heart Failure Concept Map
Echocardiogram (Cardiac Echo)
Performing Cardiac (Heart) Monitoring
Hypertension (HTN) Concept Map
Pulmonary Function Test
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Angina
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Asthma
02.02 Cardiomyopathy for CCRN Review
Leukemia
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Lymphoma
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Respiratory Terminology
Oncology Important Points
Restrictive Lung Diseases (Pulmonary Fibrosis, Neuromuscular Disorders)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Lung Cancer
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Heart (Cardiac) and Great Vessels Assessment
Intracranial Pressure ICP
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Pulmonary Edema
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure CPP
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure CPP
02.08 Cardiac Catheterization & Acute Coronary Syndrome for CCRN Review
02.12 Myocardial Infarction- Inferior Wall for CCRN Review
Grief and Loss
Dementia and Alzheimers
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Immunology Module Intro
Respiratory Infections Module Intro
Sickle Cell Anemia
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Aneurysm & Dissection
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Heart Failure (CHF)
Hemoglobin (Hbg) Lab Values
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Sinus Bradycardia
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Anaphylaxis
Cardiopulmonary Arrest
Hematocrit (Hct) Lab Values
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Anaphylaxis
Sinus Tachycardia
Meds for Alzheimers
Pacemakers
White Blood Cell (WBC) Lab Values
Heart (Heart) Failure Exacerbation
Platelets (PLT) Lab Values
Coagulation Studies (PT, PTT, INR)
Hypertensive Emergency
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
Fibromyalgia
Migraines
Tension and Cluster Headaches
1st Degree AV Heart Block
2nd Degree AV Heart Block Type 1 (Mobitz I, Wenckebach)
2nd Degree AV Heart Block Type 2 (Mobitz II)
3rd Degree AV Heart Block (Complete Heart Block)
Cholesterol (Chol) Lab Values
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Hypertension (HTN)
Leukemia
Pulmonary Embolism
Acute Respiratory Distress
Cardiac (Heart) Disease in Pregnancy
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Cardiomyopathy
Respiratory Structure & Function
ACLS (Advanced cardiac life support) Drugs
Fever
Respiratory Trauma Module Intro
Seizure Causes (Epilepsy, Generalized)
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Pulmonary Embolism
Anti-Platelet Aggregate
Respiratory Procedures Module Intro
Electrical Activity in the Heart
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Meningitis
Respiratory Terminology
Thrombin Inhibitors
Thrombolytics
Blood Plasma
Patient Positioning
Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
07.06 Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) for CCRN Review
Dystocia
Acute Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Asthma
Asthma
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Congenital Heart Defects (CHD)
Congenital Heart Defects (CHD)
Respiratory Structure & Function
Defects of Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow
Defects of Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow
Obstructive Heart (Cardiac) Defects
Obstructive Heart (Cardiac) Defects
Respiratory Functions of Blood
Mixed (Cardiac) Heart Defects
10.01 Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Interpretation for CCRN Review
Hierarchy of O2 Delivery
Histamine 1 Receptor Blockers
10.03 Acute Respiratory Failure for CCRN Review
Airway Suctioning
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Sympatholytics (Alpha & Beta Blockers)
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) Inhibitors
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Cardiac Glycosides
Sympathomimetics (Alpha (Clonodine) & Beta (Albuterol) Agonists)
Parasympathomimetics (Cholinergics) Nursing Considerations
Bronchodilators
Diuretics (Loop, Potassium Sparing, Thiazide, Furosemide/Lasix)
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids
Nitro Compounds
Anticonvulsants
Sympatholytics (Alpha & Beta Blockers)
Bronchodilators
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Interpretation-The Basics
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Oxygenation
ABG Course (Arterial Blood Gas) Introduction
ABGs Nursing Normal Lab Values
ABGs Tic-Tac-Toe interpretation Method
Acute Coronary Syndrome for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Acute Coronary Syndromes (MI-ST and Non ST, Unstable Angina) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Acute Inflammatory Disease (Myocarditis, Endocarditis, Pericarditis) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
AIDS Case Study (45 min)
Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Anaphylaxis Nursing Interventions for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Anemia for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Anemia
Aneurysm (Dissecting, Repair) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Aneurysm and Dissection for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Aortic Aneurysm – Management Nursing Mnemonic (CRAM)
Aortic Aneurysm – Thoracic signs Nursing Mnemonic (PEE BADS)
Asthma for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Asthma (Severe) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Asthma Concept Map
AV Blocks Dysrhythmias for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Bicarbonate (HCO3) Lab Values
Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Lab Values
Cardiac (Heart) Enzymes
Cardiac Anatomy
Cardiac Labs – What and When to Use Them 2 – Live Tutoring Archive
Cardiac Surgery (Post-ICU Care) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Cardiac/Vascular Catheterization (Diagnostic, Interventional) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Cardiogenic Shock and Obstructive Shock for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Cardiomyopathies (Dilated, Hypertrophic, Restrictive) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Cardiopulmonary Arrest for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Cardiovascular Trauma for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
CHF Treatment Nursing Mnemonic (UNLOAD FAST)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Case Study (60 min)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Heart Failure (CHF)
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Labs
Congestive Heart Failure Concept Map
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Labs
COPD Concept Map
COPD Exacerbation for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
COPD management Nursing Mnemonic (COPD)
Coronary Artery Disease Concept Map
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Dementia Nursing Mnemonic (DEMENTIA)
Diagnostic Criteria for Lupus Nursing Mnemonic (SOAP BRAIN MD)
EKG Basics – Live Tutoring Archive
Furosemide (Lasix) Nursing Considerations
Head and Spinal Cord Trauma for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Heart (Cardiac) Failure Module Intro
Heart (Cardiac) Failure Therapeutic Management
Heart Failure for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Heart Failure 2 – Live Tutoring Archive
Heart Failure (Acute Exacerbations, Chronic) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Heart Failure – Right Sided Nursing Mnemonic (HEAD)
Heart Failure Case Study (45 min)
Heart Failure-Left-Sided Nursing Mnemonic (CHOP)
Heart Failure-Origin Nursing Mnemonic (Left – Lung|Right – Rest)
Hematocrit (Hct) Lab Values
Hematologic Disorders for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Hemoglobin (Hbg) Lab Values
Hypertension for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Hypertension (HTN) Concept Map
Hypertension (Uncontrolled) and Hypertensive Crisis for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Hypertension – Nursing care Nursing Mnemonic (DIURETIC)
Hypertension- Complications Nursing Mnemonic (The 4 C’s)
Hypertensive Crisis Case Study (45 min)
Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Intracranial Pressure ICP
Leukemia
Leukemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (ANT)
Leukemia Case Study (60 min)
Lymphoma
Management of Lyme Disease Nursing Mnemonic (BAR)
MI Surgical Intervention
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Myocardial Infarction (MI) Case Study (45 min)
Noncardiac Pulmonary Edema for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Anemia
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Aortic Aneurysm
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Arterial Disorders
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Asthma
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Cardiomyopathy
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Heart Failure (CHF)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Lyme Disease
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Thrombophlebitis (clot)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Valve Disorders
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Angina
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Endocarditis and Pericarditis
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Hypertension (HTN)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Myocarditis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Activity Intolerance
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Acute Bronchitis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Acute Pain
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Alzheimer’s Disease
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Anaphylaxis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Anemia
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Angina
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Aortic Aneurysm
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Arterial Disorders
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Asthma
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Asthma / Childhood Asthma
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Bronchiolitis / Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Bronchoscopy (Procedure)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Cardiomyopathy
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Cellulitis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Congenital Heart Defects
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Cystic Fibrosis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Decreased Cardiac Output
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Dementia
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Emphysema
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Guillain-Barre
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Heart Valve Disorders
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Hypertension (HTN)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Hypovolemic Shock
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Impaired Gas Exchange
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Leukemia
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Lung Cancer
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Lyme Disease
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s, Non-Hodgkin’s)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Migraines
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Neutropenia
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Otitis Media / Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Pericarditis
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Pulmonary Embolism
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Respiratory Failure
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Restrictive Lung Diseases
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Sickle Cell Anemia
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Skin cancer – Melanoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Spinal Cord Injury
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Thrombocytopenia
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Thrombophlebitis / Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Alzheimer’s Disease
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Angina
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Aortic Aneurysm
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Arterial Disorders
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Asthma
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Bronchiolitis / Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Cardiomyopathy
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Congenital Heart Defects
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Nursing Care Plan for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Nursing Care Plan for Fibromyalgia
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Heart Valve Disorders
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) & Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Leukemia
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s, Non-Hodgkin’s)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Nursing Care Plan for Myocarditis
Nursing Care Plan for Nasal Disorders
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Neutropenia
Nursing Care Plan for Pulmonary Edema
Nursing Care Plan for Restrictive Lung Diseases (Pulmonary Fibrosis, Neuromuscular Disorders)
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Sickle Cell Anemia
Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Nursing Case Study for Head Injury
Nursing Case Study for Pediatric Asthma
Obstruction for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Pacemakers
Pain Management and Procedural Sedation for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Pain Management for the Older Adult – Live Tutoring Archive
Pain Management Meds – Live Tutoring Archive
Pain (Acute, Chronic) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Palliative Care for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Parasympathomimetics (Cholinergics) Nursing Considerations
Asthma
Pediatric Bronchiolitis Labs
Platelets (PLT) Lab Values
Pleural Effusion for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Preload and Afterload
Pulmonary Embolism for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Pulmonary Embolus for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Pulmonary Hypertension for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Pulmonary Hypertension for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Lab Values
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) Lab Values
Respiratory Acidosis (interpretation and nursing interventions)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Respiratory Failure (Acute, Chronic, Failure to Wean) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Respiratory Infections (Pneumonia) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Sodium and Potassium Imbalance for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal Cord Injury Case Study (60 min)
Steroids – Side Effects Nursing Mnemonic (6 S’s)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Thrombocytopenia
Thromboembolic Disease- Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Treatment of Sickle Cell Nursing Mnemonic (HOP to the hospital)
Troponin I (cTNL) Lab Values
Valvular Heart Disease for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Vascular Disease for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Vascular Disease – Deep Vein Thrombosis Nursing Mnemonic (HIS Leg Might Fall off)
Venous Disorders (Chronic venous insufficiency, Deep venous thrombosis/DVT)
Warfarin (Coumadin) Nursing Considerations