Lesson Objective for AIDS Nursing Care Plan:

• Understanding of HIV/AIDS Transmission:
  • Increase patient knowledge about the modes of transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the importance of preventive measures to reduce the risk of transmission.
• Medication Adherence and Management:
  • Promote adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) by educating the patient on the significance of consistent medication management, including proper timing, dosage, and potential side effects.
• Prevention of Opportunistic Infections:
  • Equip the patient with strategies to prevent opportunistic infections by implementing hygiene practices, immunizations, and lifestyle modifications that strengthen the immune system.
• Psychosocial Support and Coping Mechanisms:
  • Provide emotional and psychosocial support to enhance the patient’s coping mechanisms, addressing stigma, mental health concerns, and fostering a positive outlook on life with HIV/AIDS.
• Promotion of Safe Practices and Sexual Health:
  • Educate the patient on safe practices to prevent the transmission of HIV to others, including safer sex practices and communication strategies for discussing HIV status with sexual partners.

Pathophysiology of AIDS:

• HIV Transmission and Entry:
  • HIV is transmitted through direct contact with specific body fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk. The virus primarily enters the body through mucous membranes or damaged tissues.
• CD4 T-Cell Infection:
  • The virus targets and infects CD4 T-cells, a crucial component of the immune system. HIV binds to the CD4 receptor and co-receptors on the surface of these cells, leading to viral entry and replication.
• Replication and Viral Load Increase:
  • HIV replicates inside the host cells, leading to an increase in viral load. As the virus multiplies, it destroys CD4 T-cells, weakening the immune system’s ability to fight infections.
• Immune System Impairment:
  • The continuous destruction of CD4 T-cells results in immune system impairment. This weakened immunity makes the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers that would normally be controlled by a healthy immune system.
• Progression to AIDS:
  • Without effective treatment, the progressive loss of CD4 T-cells eventually leads to the clinical diagnosis of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is characterized by severe immune system damage, marked by a low CD4 count and the presence of opportunistic infections or HIV-related cancers.

Etiology of AIDS:

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Types:
  • AIDS is caused by infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), specifically HIV-1 and HIV-2. These viruses belong to the retrovirus family and are the primary etiological agents of AIDS.
• Transmission through Body Fluids:
  • The primary mode of HIV transmission is through the exchange of certain body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk. Unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing of contaminated needles, and mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding are common routes.
• Vertical Transmission:
  • HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child during childbirth or through breastfeeding. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and other preventive measures have significantly reduced the risk of vertical transmission.
• Needle Sharing and Blood Exposure:
  • Individuals who share needles or syringes for drug use, as well as those exposed to contaminated blood or blood products, are at risk of HIV transmission. This includes healthcare workers who may experience needlestick injuries.
• Unprotected Sexual Intercourse:
  • Engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner is a common mode of transmission. Consistent and correct use of barrier methods, such as condoms, can significantly reduce the risk of sexual transmission.

Desired Outcome for AIDS Nursing Care:

• Viral Load Suppression:
  • Achieve and maintain optimal viral load suppression through consistent adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), minimizing the replication of the virus and preserving immune function.
• CD4 T-Cell Count Maintenance:
  • Stabilize and elevate CD4 T-cell counts to strengthen the immune system, reducing susceptibility to opportunistic infections and enhancing overall immune function.
• Prevention of Opportunistic Infections:
  • Prevent the occurrence of opportunistic infections through the implementation of appropriate prophylaxis, vaccination, and lifestyle modifications to enhance the immune response and overall health.
• Improved Quality of Life:
  • Enhance the patient’s overall quality of life by managing symptoms, addressing psychosocial aspects, and promoting a positive mental and emotional outlook on living with HIV/AIDS.
• Empowered Patient Self-Management:
  • Empower the patient with knowledge and skills for effective self-management, including medication adherence, preventive measures, and lifestyle modifications. Encourage active participation in their healthcare to foster a sense of control and well-being.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Nursing Care Plan

Nursing Assessment for AIDS:

• Health History:
  • Collect a detailed health history, including the date of HIV diagnosis, previous and current antiretroviral therapy (ART), medication adherence, and any coexisting health conditions.
• Medication Adherence:
  • Assess the patient’s adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) by discussing the medication regimen, identifying any challenges or barriers to adherence, and addressing potential side effects.
• Symptom Management:
  • Evaluate the presence and management of symptoms related to HIV or side effects of medications, such as fatigue, weight loss, opportunistic infections, or gastrointestinal issues.
• Psychosocial Assessment:
  • Perform a psychosocial assessment to identify any mental health concerns, emotional well-being, coping mechanisms, and social support systems. Address stigma, disclosure issues, and potential mental health challenges.
• Sexual Health and Safer Practices:
  • Discuss the patient’s sexual health, practices, and relationships. Provide education on safer sex practices, prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and communication strategies for disclosing HIV status to partners.
• Immunization Status:
  • Review and update the patient’s immunization status, ensuring that recommended vaccinations, including those for preventable infections, are up-to-date to bolster immune function.
• Substance Use and Risk Behaviors:
  • Assess substance use patterns, including alcohol, recreational drugs, and tobacco. Address risk behaviors, such as needle-sharing or unprotected sex, to minimize the risk of additional health complications.
• Physical Examination:
  • Conduct a thorough physical examination, focusing on signs of opportunistic infections, skin lesions, lymphadenopathy, and overall nutritional status. Monitor vital signs and assess for any potential complications.

Outcomes for AIDS Nursing Care:

• Viral Load Suppression:
  • Achieve and maintain undetectable viral load through consistent adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), indicating effective management of HIV replication.
• CD4 T-Cell Count Improvement:
  • Stabilize and elevate CD4 T-cell counts, demonstrating a strengthened immune system and reduced vulnerability to opportunistic infections.
• Effective Symptom Management:
  • Successfully manage and alleviate symptoms related to HIV or side effects of medications, contributing to an improved quality of life.
• Psychosocial Well-being:
  • Enhance psychosocial well-being by addressing mental health concerns, reducing stigma, and fostering a positive emotional outlook.
• Empowered Self-Management:
  • Empower the patient with knowledge and skills for effective self-management, including medication adherence, preventive measures, and lifestyle modifications, promoting an active role in their healthcare.

Nursing Interventions and Rationales

• Maintain fluid balance

• Encourage self-care and schedule activity to provide for periods of rest

• Encourage and educate patients and caregivers regarding the need to reduce the risk of infection.

Implement neutropenic precautions, if indicated

• Patients who are immunocompromised may need a negative pressure, private hospital room
• Healthcare staff should wear appropriate PPE when entering room
• Educate patient on protective measures they should take to prevent infection, such as avoiding contact with sick individuals, wearing a mask when in groups, and good hand hygiene

• Promote oral health

• Administer medications as appropriate:
  • Sucralfate
  • Ondansetron
  • Anti-HIV medications (HAART therapy)

• Lifestyle and nutrition education
  • Avoid illicit drug use
  • No sharing of needles
  • Inform sexual partners of the disease
  • Avoid raw eggs and meats
  • Eat a healthy diet to increase immune system function

• Provide patient education regarding disease, precautions, and modes of transmission

Evaluation for AIDS Nursing Care:

• Viral Load and CD4 T-Cell Count Monitoring:
  • Regularly assess and monitor viral load and CD4 T-cell counts through laboratory tests to evaluate the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and immune system status.
• Symptom Progression or Alleviation:
  • Evaluate the progression or alleviation of symptoms related to HIV or medication side effects, ensuring that symptom management strategies are effective and well-tolerated.
• Psychosocial Well-being Assessment:
  • Reassess the patient’s psychosocial well-being, including mental health status, emotional resilience, and social support systems. Evaluate any changes in coping mechanisms and address emerging concerns.
• Adherence to Medication Regimen:
  • Assess the patient’s adherence to the prescribed medication regimen through self-reports, pill counts, or electronic monitoring systems. Identify any challenges or barriers to adherence and provide additional support as needed.
• Health Promotion and Preventive Measures:
  • Evaluate the patient’s engagement with health promotion and preventive measures, including immunizations, safer sex practices, and lifestyle

References

• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/symptoms-causes/syc-20373524
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27126/
• https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/3/acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome