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Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Anemia

Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Anemia

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Brad Bass
ASN,RN
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Outline
ADPIE Related Lessons
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Study Tools For Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Anemia

Types of Anemia (Mnemonic)
Anemia Pathochart (Cheatsheet)
Types of Anemia (Cheatsheet)
Symptoms of Anemia (Image)
Severe Pallor (Image)
B12 Supplement for Pernicious Anemia (Image)
63 Must Know Lab Values (Book)
Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) Lab Values (Picmonic)
Platelet Lab Value (Picmonic)
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Outline

Pathophysiology: Anemia is when there is a low red blood cell (RBC) count. This is caused by blood loss, a decrease in red blood cell (RBC) production or increased RBC destruction.

Overview

  1. ↓ Amount of RBCs or hemoglobin in blood
  2. ↓ Capacity of blood to carry oxygen

Nursing Points

General

  1. Types
    1. Iron-Deficiency
      1. Inadequate iron supply – 60% of anemias
    2. Pernicious
      1. Vitamin B12 deficiency
      2. Lack of Intrinsic Factor
    3. Aplastic
      1. ↓ Production of all blood cells in the bone marrow
    4. Sickle Cell Anemia – see Sickle Cell Anemia Lesson

Assessment

  1. Pallor
  2. Fatigue
  3. Weakness
  4. Tachycardia
  5. Hypotension
  6. Angina
  7. Dyspnea
  8. ↓ Hgb, Hct, RBC levels
  9. ↓ MCV, MCH, Iron, B12 levels
    1. Schilling test (for Pernicious anemia)
  10. Spoon-like nails
  11. Pica – craving non-food substances like ice, dirt, clay, starch.

Therapeutic Management

  1. Assess for occult blood
  2. Monitory laboratory studies (Hgb, Hct)
  3. Increase iron intake in diet
    1. Green leafy vegetables
    2. Organ meat
  4. Provide Iron or B12 supplements
    1. Administer IM via Z-track method
    2. Take PO Iron on an empty stomach
  5. Limit visitors to patients with aplastic anemia
    1. Will also have ↓ WBCs

Nursing Concepts

  1. Oxygenation
    1. May require supplemental oxygen
    2. Monitor s/s poor oxygenation
    3. Assess for dyspnea
  2. Perfusion
    1. Monitor vital signs
    2. Assess for chest pain
  3. Nutrition
    1. If caused by nutritional deficiencies – provide supplements as ordered
    2. Educate patient on food choices

Patient Education

  1. Increased intake of iron or B12 containing foods
  2. Medication instructions for iron or B12 supplements
  3. Possible Neutropenic or Thrombocytopenic precautions in Aplastic Anemia
  4. Energy conservation techniques

 

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Transcript

Hey guys, my name is Brad, and welcome to nursing.com. In today’s video, we’re going to be discussing anemia. We’re going to discuss some of the pathophysiology related to anemia, some of the different types, as well as how we’re going to treat our patients. 

Without further ado. Let’s dive in. 

So speaking about the pathophysiology of anemia, anemia is a loss of oxygen carrying cells. That’s what anemia is. And we will remember that our oxygen carrying cell is the red blood cell. Now, how is the red blood cell able to carry oxygen? Well, let’s remember. I like to divide the red blood cell up into four sections. And remember that every one red blood cell contains four hemoglobin molecules, right? That’s why I like to break it up into fours. There are four hemoglobin molecules. And you will remember that hemoglobin is what is directly responsible for binding to oxygen to then carry this fresh oxygen to all the rest of the tissues and organs of the body, as well as binding to carbon dioxide to carry this waste product away from our tissues and organs to then be exhaled by the lungs. So in anemia, we have an overall loss of red blood cells, of these oxygen carrying cells. And it’s also important to remember that, basically, we have production of these red blood cells, which is also called erythropoiesis.  Let me write that. Gosh, maybe I shouldn’t have written it. Erythropoiesis is the actual production of red blood cells and it occurs, it begins, in the bone marrow. This is the actual site of red blood cell production. And it’s also important to note, I’d like to think about it like a factory, right? It’s a bone marrow factory that makes red blood cells, okay, called erythropoiesis. And there are several things that are responsible, or needed, to make a red blood cell, right? We have things such as folate.  Folate, being responsible for making our hemoglobin molecules that make our oxygen carrying cell. Also things such as iron, or vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 and iron are actually parts of the erythropoiesis cascade responsible for making red blood cells and any breakdown in this factory, in this system of operation, to make a red blood cell will result in anemia. 

So what are some of the common types of anemia, right? There are several, the first here is iron deficiency anemia. Remember we mentioned how dietary intake of iron is key to being a part of that cascade of the creation of red blood cells, right, erythropoiesis? If you don’t have iron, you reduce the amount of red blood cells that you can create. Therefore, leading to anemia.

Pernicious anemia. This is another type that is actually related to dietary intake. In this instance, it’s related to the intake of vitamin B12. And we will remember from our previous slide, just like with iron, if we don’t have enough vitamin B12, which is an important part of the creation of red blood cells, then we cannot create as many red blood cells. 

You also have something called hemolytic anemia. Now this is in instances, such as sickle cell anemia, that we see over here, right? This is an actual destruction, or malformation, of red blood cells. So in sickle cell anemia, instead of having a nice globular red blood cell with four hemoglobin molecules, we actually have a more sickle-shaped red blood cell. So you can imagine that instead of having four nice hemoglobin molecules, the actual structural changes that occur within a sickle cell red blood cell, reduces the overall amount of oxygen that you can carry. This causes anemia. 

You also have more rare types of anemia, something like aplastic anemia. Remember how we said that it all starts in the bone marrow erythropoiesis. Well, it actually all starts with these stem cells within the bone marrow itself. I know I’m not an artist, forgive me, but in instances, such as aplastic anemia, which can often be things like auto-immune related, we actually have a breakdown in the stem cells themselves, which results in decreased red blood cell production. 

And then of course you have anemia from blood loss, right? Hemorrhagic shock, GI bleed, and overall loss of red blood cells out of the body. 

So what are some common assessment findings? Well, you can imagine if you have a reduced amount of oxygen carrying capacity in those forms of those red blood cells, if you can not carry as much oxygen as you normally would, you’re going to feel tired. You’re going to feel weak, faint, dizzy, short of breath. All of these are commonly associated in patients who have anemia and who can not carry as much oxygen to the tissues and organs of the body. Very common. Tachycardia and hypotension, maybe in instances, such as a GI bleed or hemorrhagic volume loss, right? You’re losing blood, you’re losing volume. Your blood pressure is going to drop, hypotension, and your heart rate is going to increase in an attempt to compensate. 

Jaundice of the eyes and skin is also common. Remember if we have anemia or maybe instances such as hemolytic anemia, where we have an actual destruction of these red blood cells, what gets released as a result is something called bilirubin. You may remember that that’s a side product of the destroyed red blood cell. Bilirubin in essence is a yellow pigmented molecule. And this yellow pigment molecule gets deposited in the eyes and in the skin. And it comes through in the form of jaundice. That’s what jaundice is. It’s excessive bilirubin in the body. Cold hands, cold feet, low red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin levels. All of these lab values that are associated with anemia, right? Total red blood cells, hemoglobin, all are going to be decreased in patients with anemia. And also low iron, low B12 levels, in instances, such as iron deficiency or B12, pernicious anemia. 

So how we’re going to treat our patient with anemia will depend on the type of anemia that they have, of course. In iron deficiency anemia, we’re going to give iron, in pernicious anemia, where we have a loss of B12, we’re going to give B12. Both of these are going to correct these types of anemias. And hemolytic anemia, such as sickle cell, we’re pretty much looking at symptom management. With blood loss related anemias, you’re looking at blood transfusions, right? We want to stop whatever the cause of the bleed is. And then we want to transfuse red blood cells that the patient has lost and needs. And in instances, such as aplastic anemia, remember that we have that disruption in the stem cells, in the bone marrow, you’re pretty much looking at a bone marrow transplant as the only real solution to this. Unfortunately, there’s not a great success rate with these. And, unfortunately, you do usually end up reverting to symptom management on these anemias as well.

Regarding patient education. Again, it’s going to be really dependent on the type of anemia that a patient has, but the overall goal is to make sure that we’re trying to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of these cells, right? Promoting the consumption of green leafy vegetables, things that are high in iron, things that are high in folate, possibly B12 or iron supplementation. And also important to make sure that we educate our patients who have aplastic anemia on the importance of neutropenia precautions. You know, not only is a patient having a decreased amount of erythropoiesis and production of red blood cells, but these patients are also usually immunocompromised and more susceptible to infection. 

So to recap, some key points related to anemia, remember that in anemia, you lose your oxygen carrying cells. These are the red blood cells. Make sure that you’re familiar with the different common types of anemia, right? And what causes them: iron deficiency anemia, we don’t have enough iron; pernicious anemia, we don’t have enough vitamin B12, et cetera. Make sure that you’re familiar with the assessment findings that we’re also going to see in patients who have anemia. And remember that these all stem back from the fact that we have less red blood cells, less oxygen carrying capacity. Understand the different types of therapeutic managements that we’re going to give for patients with anemia. And also understand that they are geared specifically at the type of anemia that a patient has, as well as the patient education, which we just discussed. 

Guys, that was anemia. I hope that that helps you understand the concept a little bit better, and I hope that it helps you come test time. Guys, go out there and be your best selves today. And as always, happy nursing.

 

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Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Myocarditis
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Hypertension (HTN)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Glomerulonephritis
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney (Renal) Disease (CKD)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Angina
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney (Renal) Injury (AKI)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Valve Disorders
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Ulcerative Colitis(UC)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Tuberculosis (TB)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Thrombophlebitis (clot)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Syphilis (STI)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for SIRS & MODS
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Sickle Cell Anemia
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic Hormone Secretion)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Sepsis
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Pulmonary Embolism
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Pulmonary Edema
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Psoriasis
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Pneumothorax & Hemothorax
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Parkinsons
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Pancreatitis
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Myasthenia Gravis
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Meningitis
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Ischemic Stroke (CVA)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Influenza (Flu)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Hypovolemic Shock
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Hypothyroidism
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Hyperparathyroidism
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV STI)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Herpes Zoster – Shingles
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Hepatitis (Liver Disease)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Hemorrhagic Stroke (CVA)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Heart Failure (CHF)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Diverticulosis – Diverticulitis
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Distributive Shock
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Cushings Syndrome
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Crohn’s Disease
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Cirrhosis (Liver Disease, Hepatic encephalopathy, Portal Hypertension, Esophageal Varices)
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Compartment Syndrome
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Cardiogenic Shock
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Asthma
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Arterial Disorders
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Aortic Aneurysm
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Anemia
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Anaphylaxis
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Nuclear Medicine
Norepinephrine (Levophed) Nursing Considerations
Noncardiac Pulmonary Edema for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Nitroprusside (Nitropress) Nursing Considerations
Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) Nursing Considerations
Nitro Compounds
NG (Nasogastric)Tube Management
Neurological Fractures
Neurological Disorders (Multiple Sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome) for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Neurogenic Shock for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Neostigmine (Prostigmin) Nursing Considerations
Naproxen (Aleve) Nursing Considerations
Myocardial Infarction Nursing Mnemonic (MONATAS)
Myocardial Infarction (MI) Case Study (45 min)
Musculoskeletal Course Introduction
Musculoskeletal Assessment
Murmur locations Nursing Mnemonic (hARD ASS MRS. MSD)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (DEMYELINATION)
Morphine (MS Contin) Nursing Considerations
Moderate Sedation
Mobility & Assistive Devices
Miscellaneous Nerve Disorders
Minimally-Invasive Thoracic Surgery (VATS) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Migraines
MI Surgical Intervention
Metronidazole (Flagyl) Nursing Considerations
Metoprolol (Toprol XL) Nursing Considerations
Metoclopramide (Reglan) Nursing Considerations
Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) Nursing Considerations
Metformin (Glucophage) Nursing Considerations
Metabolic/Endocrine Course Introduction
Metabolic Acidosis (interpretation and nursing diagnosis)
Metabolic & Endocrine Module Intro
Meropenem (Merrem) Nursing Considerations
Meperidine (Demerol) Nursing Considerations
Meningitis for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Meniere’s Disease
Medication Classess for IBD Nursing Mnemonic (Sometimes I Can’t Answer)
Mechanical Aids
Management of Pressure Ulcers (Pressure Injuries) Nursing Mnemonic (SKIN)
Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) Nursing Interventions for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Malignant Hyperthermia
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Macular Degeneration
Lymphoma – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (NURSE For Pete’s Sake)
Lymphoma
Lymphatic Assessment
Lung Diseases Module Intro
Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) Module Intro
Low Pressure Vent Alarms Nursing Mnemonic (Cake Everyday)
Losartan (Cozaar) Nursing Considerations
Loperamide (Imodium) Nursing Considerations
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) Nursing Interventions for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Local Anesthesia
Liver/Gallbladder Module Intro
Live Bedside Report Medsurg (Medical surgical)
Lisinopril (Prinivil) Nursing Considerations
Lipase Lab Values
Linen Change
Lidocaine Toxicity – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (SAMS)
Lidocaine (Xylocaine) Nursing Considerations
Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
Levofloxacin (Levaquin) Nursing Considerations
Levels of consciousness Nursing Mnemonic (Never Carry Dirty Socks Or Smelly Clothes)
Lactic Acid
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Lab Values
Lacerations for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
IV Complications (infiltration, phlebitis, hematoma, extravasation, air embolism)
Isoniazid (Niazid) Nursing Considerations
Ischemic Bowel for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Ischemic (CVA) Stroke Labs
Iron (Fe) Lab Values
Ionized Calcium Lab Values
Iodine Nursing Considerations
Intubation in the OR
Introduction to Health Assessment
Intro to Health Assessment
Intrarenal Causes of Acute Kidney Injury Nursing Mnemonic (TONIC)
Intraoperative Positioning
Intraoperative Nursing Priorities
Intraoperative (Intraop) Complications
Intracranial Pressure ICP
Interventions for Aphasia Nursing Mnemonic (PROP)
Interdisciplinary Team Participation for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Interdisciplinary Team Member Functions for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Interdisciplinary Healthcare Team Collaboration for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Integumentary (Skin) Important Points
Integumentary (Skin) Module Intro
Integumentary (Skin) Course Introduction
Intake and Output (I&O)
Insulin Mnemonic (Ready, Set, Inject, Love)
Insulin – Short Acting (Regular) Nursing Considerations
Insulin – Rapid Acting (Novolog, Humalog) Nursing Considerations
Insulin – Mixtures (70/30)
Insulin – Long Acting (Lantus) Nursing Considerations
Insulin – Intermediate Acting (NPH) Nursing Considerations
Insulin
Inserting an NG (Nasogastric) Tube
Inserting a Foley (Urinary Catheter) – Male
Informed Consent
Influenza for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Case Study (45 min)
Infectious Diseases: Influenza for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Individualized Physical Assessments for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Increased Intraocular Pressure for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Impulse Transmission
Implant Verification and Availability for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Implant Records and Tracking for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Implant Preparation for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Impaired or Disruptive Behavior Reporting (Interdisciplinary Healthcare Team) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Immunology Module Intro
Immunocompromise (HIV and AIDS, Oncology and Chemotherapy, Transplant Patient) for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Hypoxia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (RAT BED)
Hypovolemic and Distributive Shock for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Hypotonic Solutions (IV solutions)
Hypothermia (Thermoregulation)
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyponatremia- Definition, Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (SALT LOSS)
Hypokalemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (6 L’s)
Hypoglycemia symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (DIRE)
Hypoglycemia Management Nursing Mnemonic (Cool and Clammy – Give ‘Em Candy)
Hypoglycemia for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Hypoglycemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (TIRED)
Hypoglycemia
Hypocalcemia – Definition, Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (CATS)
Hypertonic Solutions (IV solutions)
Hyperthyroidism Case Study (75 min)
Hyperthermia (Thermoregulation)
Hypertensive Crisis Case Study (45 min)
Hypertension- Complications Nursing Mnemonic (The 4 C’s)
Hypertension (Uncontrolled) and Hypertensive Crisis for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Hypertension (HTN) Concept Map
Hypertension – Nursing care Nursing Mnemonic (DIURETIC)
Hypernatremia – Signs and Symptoms 3 Nursing Mnemonic (SALT)
Hypernatremia – Signs and Symptoms 2 Nursing Mnemonic (SWINE)
Hypernatremia – Signs and Symptoms 2 Nursing Mnemonic (FRIED)
Hyperglycemia for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar Non-ketotic syndrome (HHNS)
Hypercalcemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (GROANS, MOANS, BONES, STONES, OVERTONES)
Hygiene
Hydralazine
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
Histamine 2 Receptor Blockers
Histamine 1 Receptor Blockers
High Pressure Vent Alarms Nursing Mnemonic (Kings Eat Big Cakes)
Hepatitis for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Lab Values
Hepatic Disorders (Cirrhosis, Hepatitis, Portal Hypertension) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Heparin (Hep-Lock) Nursing Considerations
Hemorrhagic Stroke Risk Factors Nursing Mnemonic (HATS)
Hemorrhagic Fevers for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Hemorrhage Nursing Interventions for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Hemodialysis (Renal Dialysis)
Hematology/Oncology/Immunology Course Introduction
Hematology Module Intro
Hematologic Disorders for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Heart Failure-Left-Sided Nursing Mnemonic (CHOP)
Heart Failure-Origin Nursing Mnemonic (Left – Lung|Right – Rest)
Heat Temperature-related Emergencies for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Heart Failure for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Heart Failure Case Study (45 min)
Heart Failure 2 – Live Tutoring Archive
Heart Failure (Acute Exacerbations, Chronic) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Heart (Cardiac) Sound Locations and Auscultation
Heart (Cardiac) Failure Therapeutic Management
Heart (Cardiac) Failure Module Intro
Heart (Cardiac) and Great Vessels Assessment
Healthcare-Acquired Infections: Surgical Site Infections (SSI) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Hearing Loss
Healthcare-Acquired Infections: Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CAUTI) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Healthcare Team Member Supervision and Education for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Health Assessment Course Introduction
Head/Neck Assessment
Hb (Hepatitis) Vaccine
Hazardous Material Handling and Disposition (Chemo, Radioactive) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Hand Hygiene Guideline Adherence for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Glucagon (GlucaGen) Nursing Considerations
Glipizide (Glucotrol) Nursing Considerations
Glaucoma
GI Infections (C. difficile) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
GI Bleed (Upper, Lower) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
GERD causes Nursing Mnemonic (Reflux Is Probably Mean)
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Genitourinary Infections for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Genitourinary Course Introduction
Genitourinary Trauma for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Genitourinary (GU) Assessment
General Assessment (Physical assessment)
General Anesthesia
Gastrointestinal (GI) Bleed Concept Map
Gastritis
Gabapentin (Neurontin) Nursing Considerations
Fundamentals Course Introduction
Functional Issues (Immobility, Falls, Gait Disorders) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Functional GI Disorders (Obstruction, Ileus, Diabetic Gastroparesis, Gastroesophageal Reflux, Irritable Bowel Syndrome) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Free T4 (Thyroxine) Lab Values
Fluid Volume Overload
Fibromyalgia
Fibrinogen Lab Values
Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP) Lab Values
Ferrous Sulfate (Iron) Nursing Considerations
Fentanyl (Duragesic) Nursing Considerations
Explant Preparation (Final Disposition) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Ethical and Professional Standards for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Essential NCLEX Meds by Class
Esophageal Varices for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Erythromycin (Erythrocin) Nursing Considerations
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Lab Values
Equipment Utilization (Manufacturers Recommendations) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Epoetin Alfa
Epoetin (Epogen) Nursing Considerations
Epinephrine (EpiPen) Nursing Considerations
Environmental Stewardship (Waste Minimization) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Environmental Factor Control for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Environmental Cleaning (Spills, Room Turnover, Terminal Cleaning) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Envenomation Emergencies for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Enteral & Parenteral Nutrition (Diet, TPN)
Enoxaparin (Lovenox) Nursing Considerations
Endoscopy & EGD
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Encephalopathy (Hypoxic-ischemic, Metabolic, Infectious, Hepatic) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Encephalopathies
Enalapril (Vasotec) Nursing Considerations
Emergency Situation Identification for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
EENT Medications
EENT Course Introduction
Echocardiogram (Cardiac Echo)
Dysrhythmias Labs
Dysrhythmias for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Drugs that Cause SJS Nursing Mnemonic (I C NASA)
Dopamine (Inotropin) Nursing Considerations
Dobutamine (Dobutrex) Nursing Considerations
DKA Treatment Nursing Mnemonic (KING UFC)
Diverticulitis for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Diverticulitis Complications Nursing Mnemonic (Please Fix His Abscess SOon)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Case Study (60 min)
Disease Specific Medications
Discharge Planning for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Discharge (DC) Teaching After Surgery
Different Dressings
Diltiazem (Cardizem) Nursing Considerations
Dialysis & Other Renal Points
Diagnostic Criteria for Lupus Nursing Mnemonic (SOAP BRAIN MD)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Case Study (45 min)
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1- Signs & Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (The 3 P’s)
Diabetes Mellitus for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Diabetes Mellitus & Those Dang Blood Sugars! – Live Tutoring Archive
Diabetes Mellitus Case Study (45 min)
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Module Intro
Diabetes Management
Diabetes Insipidus Nursing Mnemonic (DDD)
Diabetes Insipidus Case Study (60 min)
Dementia and Alzheimers
Delegation and Personnel Management for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Decrease ICP Nursing Mnemonic (Craniums Excite Me)
Day in the Life of a Med-surg Nurse
D-Dimer (DDI) Lab Values
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune) Nursing Considerations
Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (CCP) Lab Values
Cushings Assessment Nursing Mnemonic (STRESSED)
Cushing’s Syndrome Case Study (60 min)
Cultures
CT & MR Angiography
Crohn’s Morphology and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (CHRISTMAS)
Critical Thinking to Facilitate Patient Care for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Creatinine Clearance Lab Values
Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) Lab Values
Cranial Nerve Mnemonic 02 Nursing Mnemonic (Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet AH!)
Cortisone (Cortone) Nursing Considerations
Cortisol Lab Vales
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Nursing Care and General Information
Coronary Circulation
Coronary Artery Disease Concept Map
Coronary Arteries – Location Nursing Mnemonic (I have a RIGHT to CAMP if you LEFT off the AC)
Cor Pulmonale – Signs & Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (Please Read His Text)
COPD management Nursing Mnemonic (COPD)
COPD Exacerbation for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
COPD Concept Map
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Labs
Congestive Heart Failure Concept Map
Confirming Patient Identity (Patient Identifiers) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Confirmation of Correct Procedure (Operative Site, Side, Site Marking) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Complications of Thoracentesis Nursing Mnemonic (Patients Sometimes Bleed Internally)
Complications of Immobility
Compartment Syndrome for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Communication of Patient Outcomes (Continuum of Care) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Common Signs of Parkinson’s Nursing Mnemonic (SMART)
Comfort Provisions (Behavioral Response to Procedure) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Colonoscopy
Cold Temperature-related Emergencies for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Coagulopathies, Medication-Induced (Coumadin, Platelet Inhibitors, Heparin, HIT) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Coagulation Studies (PT, PTT, INR)
Clopidogrel (Plavix) Nursing Considerations
Cirrhosis Complications Nursing Mnemonic (Please Bring Happy Energy)
Cirrhosis for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Cirrhosis Case Study (45 min)
Circulatory Checks (5 P’s) Nursing Mnemonic (The 5 P’s)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Chronic Renal (Kidney) Module Intro
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Case Study (45 min)
CHF Treatment Nursing Mnemonic (UNLOAD FAST)
Chest Tube Management Case Study (60 min)
Chest Tube Management
Chest Tube Management
Chest Tube Assessment Nursing Mnemonic (Two AA’s)
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure CPP
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Case Study (60 min)
Cephalexin (Keflex) Nursing Considerations
Central Line Dressing Change
Celecoxib (Celebrex) Nursing Considerations
Causes of Dyspnea Nursing Mnemonic (The 6 P’s)
Causes of Pancreatitis Nursing Mnemonic (BAD HITS)
Causes of Anaphylaxis Nursing Mnemonic (Many Boys Love Food)
Cataracts
Cardiovascular Disorders (CVD) Module Intro
Cardiovascular Angiography
Cardiogenic Shock For PCCN for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Cardiogenic Shock and Obstructive Shock for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Cardiac/Vascular Catheterization (Diagnostic, Interventional) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Cardiac Valves Blood Flow Nursing Mnemonic (Toilet Paper my Ass)
Cardiac Tamponade for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Cardiac Surgery (Post-ICU Care) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Cardiac Stress Test
Cardiac Labs – What and When to Use Them 2 – Live Tutoring Archive
Cardiac Labs – What and When to Use Them – Live Tutoring Archive
Cardiac Course Introduction
Cardiac Arrest Nursing Interventions for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Cardiac Anatomy
Cardiac A&P Module Intro
Cardiac (Heart) Enzymes
Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Lab Values
Carbidopa-Levodopa (Sinemet) Nursing Considerations
Captopril (Capoten) Nursing Considerations
Canes Nursing Mnemonic (COAL)
Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium Carbonate (Tums) Nursing Considerations
Calcium Acetate (PhosLo) Nursing Considerations
C. Difficile for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Lab Values
Burns for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Burn Injuries
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Lab Values
Brain Death v. Comatose
BPH Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (FUN WISE)
Bowel Perforation for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Bowel Obstruction Concept Map
Body Mechanics (Utilization) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Blunt Chest Trauma
Blood Salvage Transfusion Anticipation for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Blood Flow Through The Heart
Bleeding Precautions Nursing Mnemonic (RANDI)
Bleeding for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Bleeding Complications (Minor) Nursing Mnemonic (BEEP)
Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) Nursing Considerations
Biopsy
Biohazard Material Handling and Disposition (Blood, Microbiology, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Beta Hydroxy (BHB) Lab Values
Benztropine (Cogentin) Nursing Considerations
Bed Bath
Barriers to Health Assessment
Barrier Material Selection (Procedure-Specific) for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Bariatric: IV Insertion
Bariatric Surgeries
Barbiturates
Bacterial Endocarditis – Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (Be Joan Of Arc)
Azithromycin (Zithromax) Nursing Considerations
AV Blocks Dysrhythmias for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Atrial Flutter
Atrial Fibrillation (A Fib)
Atrial Dysrhythmias for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Nursing Considerations
Atenolol (Tenormin) Nursing Considerations
Asthma for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Asthma (Severe) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Assessment of Guillain-Barre Syndrome Nursing Mnemonic (GBS=PAID)
Assessment for Myasthenic Crisis Nursing Mnemonic (BRISH)
ASA (Aspirin) Nursing Considerations
Artificial Airways
ARDS causes Nursing Mnemonic (GUT PASS)
ARDS Case Study (60 min)
Aortic Stenosis Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (SAD)
Aortic Aneurysm – Thoracic signs Nursing Mnemonic (PEE BADS)
Aortic Aneurysm – Management Nursing Mnemonic (CRAM)
Antinuclear Antibody Lab Values
Antineoplastics
Antimetabolites
Antidiabetic Agents
Anticonvulsants
Anti-Platelet Aggregate
Anti-Infective – Antitubercular
Anti-Infective – Tetracyclines
Anti-Infective – Sulfonamides
Anti-Infective – Glycopeptide
Anti-Infective – Carbapenems
Anti Tumor Antibiotics
Anion Gap Acidosis 1 Nursing Mnemonic (KULT)
Anion Gap Acidosis 2 Nursing Mnemonic (MUDPILES)
Anion Gap
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Aneurysm and Dissection for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Anesthetic Agents
Anesthetic Agents
Aneurysm (Dissecting, Repair) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Anesthesia Management Assistance for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Anemia for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Amputation for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Anaphylaxis Nursing Interventions for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Amputation Concept Map
Amputation
Amlodipine (Norvasc) Nursing Considerations
Amitriptyline (Elavil) Nursing Considerations
Altered Mental Status Nursing Mnemonic (AEIOU TIPS)
Alteplase (tPA, Activase) Nursing Considerations
Altered Mental Status- Delirium and Dementia for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Alkylating Agents
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALK PHOS) Lab Values
Alendronate (Fosamax) Nursing Considerations
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Lab Values
Airway Suctioning
AIDS Case Study (45 min)
Age and Culturally Appropriate Health Assessment Techniques for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Advanced Directive and DNR Status Confirmation for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Advance Directives
Adrenal Gland Hormones Nursing Mnemonic (The 3 S’s)
Adrenal and Thyroid Disorder Emergencies for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
Admissions, Discharges, and Transfers
Adjunct Neuro Assessments
Addisons Disease
Addisons Assessment Nursing Mnemonic (STEROID)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Acute Renal (Kidney) Module Intro
Acute Kidney Injury Case Study (60 min)
Acute Inflammatory Disease (Myocarditis, Endocarditis, Pericarditis) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Acute Coronary Syndromes (MI-ST and Non ST, Unstable Angina) for Progressive Care Certified Nurse (PCCN)
Acute Abdomen for Certified Emergency Nursing (CEN)
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) Inhibitors
Accountability and Assistance for Personal Limitations for Certified Perioperative Nurse (CNOR)
Absolute Reticulocyte Count (ARC) Lab Values
Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) Lab Values
3rd Degree AV Heart Block (Complete Heart Block)
2nd Degree AV Heart Block Type 2 (Mobitz II)
2nd Degree AV Heart Block Type 1 (Mobitz I, Wenckebach)
1st Degree AV Heart Block
10.04 Pulmonary Question Review for CCRN Review
07.10 Neurologic Review questions for CCRN Review
07.09 Meningitis for CCRN Review
06.05 Wide Complex Tachycardia for CCRN Review
06.04 Differentiating Ectopy and Aberrancy for CCRN Review
05.05 GI Practice Questions for CCRN Review
05.02 Liver Overview and Disease for CCRN Review
05.01 Pancreatitis and Large Bowel Obstruction for CCRN Review
03.04 DKA vs HHNK for CCRN Review
03.05 Endocrine Practice Questions for CCRN Review
03.03 Hypoglycemia for CCRN Review
03.02 Diabetes Insipidus for CCRN Review
03.01 Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) for CCRN Review
02.18 Cardiovascular Practice Questions for CCRN Review
02.17 Septic Shock for CCRN Review
02.16 Cardiogenic Shock for CCRN Review
02.15 Hypovolemic Shock for CCRN Review
02.14 Shock Stages for CCRN Review
02.13 Myocardial Infarction – Anterior Septal Wall for CCRN Review
02.02 Cardiomyopathy for CCRN Review
02.06 Heart Murmurs for CCRN Review
02.08 Cardiac Catheterization & Acute Coronary Syndrome for CCRN Review
02.12 Myocardial Infarction- Inferior Wall for CCRN Review