Sympatholytics (Alpha & Beta Blockers)

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Outline

Overview

   I.         Overview

A.    Autonomic nervous system = PNS & SNS

B.    Sympathetic neurotransmitters all over body

1.     Adrenergic 1 / 2

a.     Varying location and nerves, all over body

2.     Beta 1 = Heart (cardio-selective)

3.     Beta 2 = BV, bronchioles, smooth muscle

     II.         Mechanism of Action

A.    Inhibit stimulation of SNS (flight or fight)

B.    Think inhibit stress response

1.     Decrease HR

2.     Decrease BP

3.     Arterial / Venous dilation

4.     Smooth muscle relaxation

   III.         Types

A.    Alpha-Blockers

1.     Doxazosin

2.     Prazosin

3.     Terazosin

4.     Tamsulosin

B.    Cardio-selective Beta-Blockers (B1)

1.     Atenolol

2.     Esmlol

3.     Metoprolol

4.     Bisprplol

C.     Non-selective Beta-Blockers (B2)

1.     Carvedilol

2.     Labetalol

3.     Propranolol

4.     Sotalol

   IV.         Indications

A.    Alpha-Blockers

1.     HTN

2.     Migraines

3.     Pheochromocytoma

4.     BPH

5.     Urinary flow obstruction

6.     Raynaud’s disease

B.    Beta-Blockers

1.     HTN

2.     Angina

3.     Heart failure

4.     Cardiac-protective (after MI)

5.     Dysrhythmias

6.     Migraines

7.     Glaucoma

    V.         Contraindications

A.    Alpha-Blockers

1.     PVD

2.     Hepatic / renal disease

3.     Coronary artery disease

B.    Beta-Blockers

1.     Uncompensated heart failure

2.     Cardiogenic shock

3.     Heart block or bradycardia

4.     Severe pulmonary disease

   VI.         Side Effects

A.    Cardiovascular

1.     Palpitations

2.     Hypotension

3.     Bradycardia

4.     Chest pain

B.    CNS

1.     Headache

2.     Dizziness

3.     Anxiety

4.     Vertigo

C.     GI

1.     N / V / D

D.    * Beta-Blockers

1.     Hypoglycemia

2.     Bronchospasms

3.     Rebound tachycardia (if stopped abruptly)

4.     Hypotension

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Transcript

Welcome back and today we are doing to discuss sympatholytics.

Sympatholytics work on the autonomic nervous system, mainly the SNS and their neurotransmitters – Adrenergic (which is various locations, think adrenergic = all over) and beta1 (heart) and beta 2 (BV, bronchioles, and smooth muscles).

Now sympatholytic work by inhibiting SNS, so the flight to fight response are inhibited… resulting in lower heart rate, blood pressure, dilation and relaxation. Think the opposite of stress. When you are stressed, you are tachycardic and HTN and generally not relaxed, haha.

Let’s review alpha types, they all tend to end in -OSIN. Do focus on memorization, focus on the ending here.

Next we have beta-blockers. The first section is cardioselective (works mainly within the heart). Non-selective is below and focuses on BV, bronchioles and smooth muscles. Regardless, the ending is -LOL.

Indication for alphas include the following. I want you to focus on what the drug does… inhibit stress responses. So therefore, we are attempting to relax SM, decrease HR and decrease BP. Each indication focuses on those three principles.

Indications for betas focus on the same concept. We are attempting to inhibit the stress response. Angina, HTN, heart failure all stress the heart. Beta-blockers will assist in slowing things down and improving cardiac output.

Contraindications focus on high risk patients populations. in PVD (these drugs cause intermittent claudication, which isn’t good), heart block will be exacerbated with the use of these drugs. The goal here is to assist the heart and vasculature NOT cause more harm.

Cardiac side effects include palpitations, hypotension, bradycardia and chest pain. All of which result from the drug working too well. When the heart beats too slow, my impairs oxygen to the heart, which can cause chest pain. Too low BP = hypotension.

Next we have CNS side effects which can include headache, dizziness, anxiety and vertigo. Again, if you are dilating, previously constricted  areas, dizziness and headaches are common. Focus more on the drug’s action and less of memorization.

Lastly, let’s review unique side effects of beta blockers which include hypoglycemia, bronchospasm, round bound tachycardia and hypotension. If you patient has COPD or is a brittle diabetic, this drug class will be a tough one to manage. Again we are trying to assist not harm so keep these in mind. If a patient for example is admitted with sepsis and has an admitting BP of 80/60, you wouldn’t want to administer their beta-blocker as it will cause more profound hypotension. This is why sympatholytics tend to have BP parameters for administration. You want to check your patient’s BP and HR before administering any sympatholytics, in general.

Priority nursing concepts for a patient receiving sympatholytics include anatomy, perfusion and pharmacology.

Alright let’s review the key points: The how: Inhibition of SNS (flight to fight response). Second, we have the different types -OSIN and -LOL. Indications vary but include HTN, migraines, heart failures, among other things. Contraindications include PVD, heart block and pulm disease. Lastly, we reviewed side effects which included cardiac, CNS, GI and special mentions regarding beta-blockers.

Now you know all you need to know about sympatholytics. Now go out and be your best self and happy nursing!

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Pharm 1

Concepts Covered:

  • Test Taking Strategies
  • Learning Pharmacology
  • Medication Administration
  • Dosage Calculations
  • Adult
  • Emergency Care of the Cardiac Patient
  • Cardiac Disorders
  • Cardiovascular Disorders
  • Vascular Disorders
  • Hematologic Disorders
  • Acute & Chronic Renal Disorders
  • Disorders of Pancreas
  • Female Reproductive Disorders
  • Immunological Disorders
  • Urinary System
  • Central Nervous System Disorders – Brain
  • Pregnancy Risks
  • Neurological
  • Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary Gland
  • Shock
  • Male Reproductive Disorders
  • Urinary Disorders

Study Plan Lessons

12 Points to Answering Pharmacology Questions
The SOCK Method – Overview
The SOCK Method – S
The SOCK Method – O
The SOCK Method – C
The SOCK Method – K
Basics of Calculations
Dimensional Analysis Nursing (Dosage Calculations/Med Math)
IV Infusions (Solutions)
Complex Calculations (Dosage Calculations/Med Math)
Interactive Practice Drip Calculations
Pediatric Dosage Calculations
ACLS (Advanced cardiac life support) Drugs
Amiodarone (Pacerone) Nursing Considerations
Adenosine (Adenocard) Nursing Considerations
Procainamide (Pronestyl) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Platelet Aggregate
Clopidogrel (Plavix) Nursing Considerations
Coumarins
Warfarin (Coumadin) Nursing Considerations
Thrombin Inhibitors
Enoxaparin (Lovenox) Nursing Considerations
Heparin (Hep-Lock) Nursing Considerations
Thrombolytics
Alteplase (tPA, Activase) Nursing Considerations
Streptokinase (Streptase) Nursing Considerations
Antidiabetic Agents
Glipizide (Glucotrol) Nursing Considerations
Metformin (Glucophage) Nursing Considerations
Insulin
Insulin – Rapid Acting (Novolog, Humalog) Nursing Considerations
Insulin – Short Acting (Regular) Nursing Considerations
Insulin – Intermediate Acting (NPH) Nursing Considerations
Insulin – Mixtures (70/30)
Insulin – Long Acting (Lantus) Nursing Considerations
Essential NCLEX Meds by Class
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
Sympatholytics (Alpha & Beta Blockers)
Atenolol (Tenormin) Nursing Considerations
Metoprolol (Toprol XL) Nursing Considerations
Propranolol (Inderal) Nursing Considerations
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) Inhibitors
Captopril (Capoten) Nursing Considerations
Enalapril (Vasotec) Nursing Considerations
Lisinopril (Prinivil) Nursing Considerations
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Losartan (Cozaar) Nursing Considerations
Calcium Channel Blockers
Amlodipine (Norvasc) Nursing Considerations
Diltiazem (Cardizem) Nursing Considerations
Nifedipine (Procardia) Nursing Considerations
Verapamil (Calan) Nursing Considerations
Cardiac Glycosides
Digoxin (Lanoxin) Nursing Considerations
Diuretics (Loop, Potassium Sparing, Thiazide, Furosemide/Lasix)
Furosemide (Lasix) Nursing Considerations
Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril) Nursing Considerations
Spironolactone (Aldactone) Nursing Considerations
Mannitol (Osmitrol) Nursing Considerations
Glucagon (GlucaGen) Nursing Considerations
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Nursing Considerations
Magnesium Sulfate
Nitro Compounds
Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) Nursing Considerations
Nitroprusside (Nitropress) Nursing Considerations
Vasopressin
Epinephrine (EpiPen) Nursing Considerations
Norepinephrine (Levophed) Nursing Considerations
Vasopressin (Pitressin) Nursing Considerations
Anti-Infective – Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) Nursing Considerations
Insulin Drips