Antimicrobial Vaccinations

Overview

1. Pathogenic Microbes in Humans
   1. Viruses- non-living, species-specific requires a host cell to replicate.
      1. Hepatitis, chickenpox, whooping cough
   2. Bacteria- single-celled organisms, divide quickly, w and /out cell wall
      1. Tetanus, pneumococcus
   3. Fungi- single-celled and multicellular, chitin cell walls,
      1. Athlete’s foot, yeast infections
   4. Protists- Protozoan organisms usually single-celled with a nucleus.
      1. Malaria, amoebic dysentery, Giardiasis, African Sleeping Sickness
2. Role of vaccinations – expose the immune system to antigens from pathogens in order to produce a faster and stronger immune response.
   1. How immunization from vaccines works- inject a dead/attenuated version of the pathogen’s antigens. This triggers memory cell and antibody production through an acquired immune response.
3. Examples of antiviral (killed vs live)
   1. Polio, Chicken Pox
4. Examples of antibacterial
   1. Tetanus, Hib
5. Importance of herd immunity- the more individuals vaccinated the less likely there will be an outbreak. Protects the weak.
6. Common Childhood Vaccinations in the United States

1. 1. Hepatitis B
      1. Disease transmitted through blood, semen, and other body fluids.
      2. Prevents disease causes infection of the liver which can have lasting effects like liver failure, liver cancer, and cirrhosis
      3. Vaccine is given in a series usually completed by 6 mos of age.
   2. Rotavirus
      1. Disease transmitted by the fecal-oral route
      2. Prevents disease that causes vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and life-threatening dehydration
      3. Vaccine is given in a series usually completed by 6 mos of age.
   3. Diphtheria
      1. Disease transmitted via airborne droplets and contaminated items.
      2. Vaccine prevents a disease that causes swollen glands, sore throat, difficulty breathing, fever, chills, and malaise.
      3. Vaccine is given is series by age 7.
   4. Tetanus
      1. Bacterial disease transmitted via spores in soil and animal excrement into a wound.
      2. Vaccine prevents disease that causes lockjaw, involuntary muscle stiffness, trouble swallowing, seizures, headache, fever, death.
      3. Vaccine is given is series by age 7.
   5. Pertussis (whooping cough)
      1. Acute viral disease transmitted via air droplets from coughing and sneezing.
      2. Vaccine prevents fever, severe coughing that makes a whooping sound, runny nose, fatigue.
      3. Vaccine is given is series by age 7.
   6. Measles
      1. Disease transmitted via highly contagious airborne droplets.
      2. Vaccine prevents high fever, malaise, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, maculopapular rash 14 days later
      3. Vaccine doses are usually given from 12 mos -12 years of age.
   7. Mumps
      1. Disease is an airborne virus spread from coughing and sneezing.
      2. Vaccine prevents fever, headache, swollen salivary glands, muscle aches, fatigue.
      3. Vaccine doses are usually given from 12 mos -12 years of age.
   8. Rubella (German Measles)
      1. Viral disease that is spread through coughing and sneezing.
      2. Vaccine prevents causes fever, headache, pink eye, enlarged lymph nodes, cough, runny nose. Can cause stillbirth or birth defects if infected during pregnancy.
      3. Vaccine doses are usually given from 12 mos -12 years of age.
   9. Chicken Pox Varicella
      1. Viral disease that is contracted through air droplets or direct contact with rash.
      2. Vaccine prevents itchy rash, fever, tiredness, headache, or shingles in adults.
      3. Vaccine doses usually between 12 months and 6 years of age.
   10. Hepatitis A
       1. Viral disease spread through contaminated objects, food, drinks, feces, close contact.
       2. Vaccine prevents fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, diarrhea, joint pain, jaundice of skin, and eyes.
       3. Vaccine administered at 1 year old.
   11. Meningococcus
       1. Bacterial disease that is spread through saliva, coughing, or kissing.
       2. Vaccine prevents fever, headache, stiff neck, vomiting, photophobia, an altered mental status due to meningitis, sepsis.
       3. Vaccine administered to preteens at 11/12 years old and all teens 16 years of age.
   12. Pneumococcus
       1. Bacterial disease that is spread through respiratory secretions.
       2. Vaccine prevents fever, chills, cough, breathing difficulty, chest pain, meningitis, sepsis.
       3. Vaccine administered in series to infants, children and adults 65 years of age and older.
   13. Haemophilus influenza (Hib)
       1. Bacterial disease that is spread through respiratory droplets.
       2. Vaccine prevents ear infections, sinusitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, and sepsis.
   14. Seasonal Influenza
       1. Viral disease that is spread through respiratory droplets.
       2. Vaccine prevents fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, fatigue, pneumonia.
       3. Vaccine administered to everyone 6 months of age and older.