Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney (Renal) Disease (CKD)
Overview Progressive, irreversible loss of renal function with an associated decline in GFR <60 mL/min All body systems affected Dialysis is required End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) = GFR <15 mL/min Pathophysiology: The kidneys have been damaged and lost kidney function. This means there is a loss of the ability to filter properly. This causes an […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Overview Infection anywhere within the urinary tract leading to inflammation Kidneys → Ureters → Bladder → Urethra Pathophysiology: Infection occurring along the normally sterile track. This is usually caused by E.coli. The host has defense mechanisms to rid the bacteria but if unable to the bacteria will quickly overwhelm the host and reproduce rapidly. This […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)
Overview Stones that form in the urinary tract, usually within the kidneys Can become lodged in kidneys, ureters, or urethra Pathophysiology: Kidney stones form from extra saturation of salts int eh urine, salts change from a liquid to a solid-state and crystals grow. This forms a stone that then has to be excreted. Stones can […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Glomerulonephritis
Overview Inflammatory disorder of the glomerulus caused by an immunological reaction Pathophysiology Injury to the glomerulus occurs by infections, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, or diseases such as diabetes and lupus. The glomerular membrane is inflamed and disturbed. This disturbance increases the permeability of the membrane and increases the chance to lose substances through the urine. […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome
Overview Kidney disease characterized by loss of protein from plasma into the urine Pathophysiology Injury to the glomerular basement membrane increases the permeability. This increase in permeability allows for proteins to move across the membrane and results in proteinuria (protein loss in urine). The loss of albumin causes retention of sodium which causes edema […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney (Renal) Injury (AKI)
Overview Sudden onset renal damage Loss of renal function due to poor circulation or renal cell damage Usually reversible may resolve on its own Can lead to permanent damage if not reversed quickly Pathophysiology Sudden decline in the function of the kidneys usually from decreased blood flow to the kidneys or injury to the kidney […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Crohn’s Disease
Pathophysiology: Crohn’s disease is autoimmune where the body will attack it’s own GI mucosa. It causes inflammation deep in the layers of the GI tract throughout. Overview Autoimmune inflammatory disease of GI mucosa anywhere from mouth to anus Most often affects the terminal ileum Nursing Points General Thickening and scarring of intestinal walls Ulcerations and […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Ulcerative Colitis(UC)
Pathophysiology: Ulcerative colitis is chronic inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract on the innermost lining. Overview Chronic inflammation of mucosa and submucosa in colon and rectum Progresses upward from rectum to cecum Nursing Points General Results in poor absorption of nutrients Edema + lesions + ulcers Possible perforation Exacerbation and remission episodes Assessment 10-20 […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Pathophysiology: there are two conditions in IBD that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract on the innermost lining. Crohn’s disease causes inflammation deep in the layers of the GI tract throughout. Overview Autoimmune inflammatory conditions affecting the GI tract Periods of […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Hemorrhoids
Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the veins in anus and rectum caused by straining or pressure, which allows for the veins to swell and be inflamed. Overview Swollen and inflamed veins of the anus and lower rectum Nursing Points General Causes Portal hypertension Straining Irritation Pregnancy / Postpartum Types Internal External Prolapsed Assessment Rectal pain Bright red […]