Hypotonic Solutions (IV solutions)
Overview Hypotonic solutions Lower osmolarity than blood < 250 mOsm/L Nursing Points General Examples 0.45% Sodium Chloride (“½ Normal Saline) 0.33% or 0.2% Sodium Chloride 2.5% Dextrose in Water (D2.5W) Sterile Water (rarely given IV) Assessment Fluid shifts OUT of vessels INTO cells INTO interstitial spaces Effects on cells Cells swells Can burst (lysis) […]
Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar Non-ketotic syndrome (HHNS)
Overview Severe Hyperglycemia without Ketoacidosis Nursing Points General Type II Diabetes Mellitus – Acute Exacerbation Body has just enough insulin to prevent fatty acid breakdown Gradual onset → Infection, Stress, Dehydration Assessment Hyperglycemia Blood sugar > 600 mg/dL (usually higher) Negative Ketones Glycosuria (glucose dumps in urine) Hyperosmolarity PROFOUND Dehydration Altered LOC Dry mucous membranes […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Overview Severe Hyperglycemia with Ketoacidosis Pathophysiology: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs with severe hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis. This occurs because the blood sugar is so elevated and there is not enough insulin to take the sugar to the cell. The cell needs energy. Since the cell can not get the energy from the sugar (because no insulin) […]
Diabetes Management
Overview Pancreatic disorder resulting in insufficient or lack of insulin production leading to elevated blood sugar Insulin is the key to allow glucose to be used by the cells for energy Nursing Points General Type I – make NO insulin Type II – insufficient insulin or insulin resistance Assessment Hyperglycemia Dry mouth, hot, flushed, thirsty […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Overview Pancreatic disorder resulting in insufficient or lack of insulin production leading to elevated blood sugar Insulin is the key to allow glucose to be used by the cells for energy Pathophysiology: Diabetes: Type 1 occurs when there is an autoimmune (the body attacks the pancreas) response. The beta cells are attacked and can no […]
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Module Intro
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the pathophysiology of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Discuss the presentation and priorities for nursing care for a patient with Diabetes Mellitus Explain the pathophysiology and priority treatment for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Explain the pathophysiology and priority treatment for Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Hypothyroidism
Pathophysiology: There is a reduction in thyroid hormone secretion. This is caused by an autoimmune disorder attacking the thyroid and causing this reduction. Overview Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone Results in a decreased metabolic rate Nursing Points General Causes Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Iodine Deficiency Thyroidectomy Myxedema Coma Acute Exacerbation Life-threatening state of decreased thyroid production Caused by […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism: There is an excess thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Overview Excess secretion of thyroid hormone (TH) from thyroid gland Results in Increased Metabolic Rate Nursing Points General Causes Graves’ Disease (autoimmune) Excess secretion of TSH from Pituitary Thyroid, Pituitary, or Hypothalamic Tumor Medication Reaction Thyroid Storm (Thyroid Crisis) Acute Exacerbation due to […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic Hormone Secretion)
Pathophysiology: There is an excess of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causing fluid volume overload and water intoxication. Hyponatremia occurs because of fluid overload. Overview Excess secretion of ADH from posterior pituitary Hyponatremia Water intoxication Nursing Points General Causes Head trauma Brain tumors Cerebral Edema Infection Medications Assessment Fluid Volume Excess Hypertension JVD Crackles Hyponatremia Altered LOC, […]
Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
Pathophysiology: There is a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). With inadequate amounts of antidiuretic hormone, the body continues to excrete urine and polyuria occurs. Overview Hyposecretion or failure to respond to ADH from posterior pituitary Excess water loss Nursing Points General Urine output → 4L to 30L in a 24-hour period Excessive dehydration Causes Neurogenic→ […]